Germany

Germany, or Deutschland, or Bundesrepublik Deutschland, or Federal Republic of Germany

MICROPAEDIA
MACROPAEDIA
BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 1995
BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 1994
STATISTICAL INFORMATION: see BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR
agriculture
- enclosure
- medieval agriculture
- viticulture
arts
- architectural styles
  - Baroque
  - Classicism
  - Gothic [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Gothic Revival
  - Gothic stone spires
  - modern
  - Neoclassic
  - Renaissance
  - Romanesque
  - Second Empire style
- dance [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- decorative painting and floral motifs
- Expressionism
- folk art [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- glass making [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Humpen glass
  - stained glass
- interior design
  - dressers
  - experimental steel furniture
  - Renaissance style
  - tapestry [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- lacquerwork decoration
- medals
- metalwork [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- music
  - empfindsamer Stil
  - keyboard instruments [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - keyboard tablature
  - lied
  - meistersinger
  - musical bands
  - musical performance
  - opera [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - vocal music
- painting
  - Baroque
  - Gothic [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - modern [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - Neoclassicism
  - Ottonian dynasty
  - Renaissance
  - Romanesque
  - Romanticism
- pottery
- practice and profession of the arts
- printmaking [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- sculpture
- theatre
  - history [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - motion pictures [Ref 1], [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
  - production [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
commerce, industry, and mining
- airlines
- automotive production [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- clothing and footwear
- communications
  - broadcasting organization [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - postal system
- European Coal and Steel Industry
- European Community
- labour and management
- lignite mining
- paper production
- publishing
  - books [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - magazines [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - national bibliography
  - newspapers
- synthetic dye production
- synthetic rubber production [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- Zollverein customs union
customs and traditions
- Bronze Age dress
- cuisine [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- duels of honour
- names [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- national anthem [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- restaurant categories
economics, finance, and currency
- banks and banking [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Deutsche Bank AG
- business cycles
- cartels
- coins and coinage
- death and gift taxes
- economic growth and planning [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- government finance [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- income tax structure [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- mark
- monetary debasement
- money market
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
education
- administration
- adult education
- African colonial instruction
- coeducational system
- Gotha school reforms
- gymnasium
- higher education
- humanism
- libraries [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- 19th- and 20th-century development [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
- normal school
- preschool education
- Realschule
- Reformation
- secondary education
- social sciences
- teacher training
government
- archive maintenance
- broadcasting regulations
- checks and balances
- Christian Democratic Union
- civil service and administrative courts [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- conservatism [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- constitution [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- duchies
- emperor
- foreign service training
- municipal government evolution [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- plebiscites and electoral process
- political parties
- president
- prime minister
- princes' powers
- quasi-federal system
- socialism [Ref 1]; [Ref 2] passim to [Ref 3]
health and welfare
- dentistry
- insurance [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- medical advances
- public health history
- social insurance
history before 1945
- Alsace-Lorraine
- Balkans [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- Belarus
- between world wars [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - anti-Semitism [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - deportation program
  - fascism
  - forced labour
  - Great Depression
  - National Socialism
  - Nazi party [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - propaganda program [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - reparation payments
  - restoration policy [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Third International
  - Weimar Republic: see Weimar Republic [Cross ref]
  - Young Plan
- Christian Socialism movement
- colonialism
  - African partition
  - Cameroon
  - China [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - East Africa [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - German East Africa [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - maintenance of sphere of influence
  - mandated territories
  - Marshall Islands [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Namibia [Ref 1]; [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
  - Nauru
  - New Guinea
  - Northern Mariana Islands
  - Pacific Islands [Ref 1]; [Ref 2], [Ref 3], [Ref 4]
  - Portuguese-African conflict [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Solomon Islands
  - Sperrgebiet
  - Steiermark
  - Togoland [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - western Africa
  - Western Samoa [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Zanzibar
- conflicts
  - Battle of Dresden
  - Battle of Sedan
  - Franco-German War
  - Italian wars
  - Schleswig-Holstein conflict [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Seven Weeks' War
  - Seven Years' War
  - Thirty Years' War [Ref 1]; [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
  - Wars of Religion
- diplomacy
  - Algeciras Conference
  - Anti-Comintern Pact
  - Berlin Congress
  - Berlin West Africa Conference
  - Brest-Litovsk treaties [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - Dreikaiserbund
  - Dual Alliance
  - German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
  - Lausanne Conference
  - League of Nations
  - Locarno Pact
  - Munich Agreement
  - Reinsurance Treaty
  - Triple Alliance
  - Versailles Treaty [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Vienna Congress
  - Westphalia Peace
- effect of Lutheranism
- Enlightenment
- foreign relations
  - Austria [Ref 1], [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
  - Austria-Hungary [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - Baltic states [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2], [Ref 3], [Ref 4]
  - Brussels
  - Bulgaria
  - Czechoslovakia [Ref 1]; [Ref 2] passim to [Ref 3]
  - Denmark [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Greece
  - Hungary [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - Japan [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Lithuania
  - Moroccan crises
  - Netherlands
  - Norway
  - Ottoman Empire and Turkey [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Poland [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - pre-World War I Europe
  - Prussia [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - Romania
  - Russia [Ref 1], [Ref 2] passim to [Ref 3], [Ref 4]
  - Spain [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
  - Sweden [Ref 1], [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
  - Switzerland
  - Ukraine [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - United Kingdom [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - U.S. [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
  - U.S.S.R. [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- Industrial Revolution
- interaction with
  - Churchill
  - Clemenceau
  - Daladier
  - Enver Pasa
  - Henry II
  - Imredy
  - Kállay
  - Lenin
  - Palmerston
- Kruger Telegram
- manorialism
- medieval Europe [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2], [Ref 3], [Ref 4]
  - Crusades
  - Italy [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- modern state origins
  - 1830 Revolutions
  - Erfurt Union Parliament
  - Gastein Convention
  - nationalism
  - North German Confederation
  - Revolutions of 1848
  - Swabia
- Moselle
- Napoleonic Europe
- 19th-century political movements [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
- Reformation [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
- unification
- World War I [Ref 1]; [Ref 2] passim to [Ref 3]; [Ref 4] passim to [Ref 5]
  - Caporetto
  - Central Powers
  - Entente Cordiale
  - Fourteen Points
  - "Lusitania" sinking
  - military aircraft
  - offensive battle tactics [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Rethondes armistice
  - strategic planning
  - Sussex Incident
  - U.S. policy and involvement [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Verdun
  - war reparations
  - Zimmermann Telegram
- World War II [Ref 1]; [Ref 2] passim to [Ref 3]; [Ref 4] passim to [Ref 5]
  - Albania occupation
  - Athens occupation
  - Baltic occupation
  - Battle of the Bulge
  - Ciscaucasia
  - conflict with Tito
  - control of Atlantic sea routes
  - Croatia
  - Finland
  - Indian independence movement
  - July Plot
  - Katyn Massacre
  - Krupp munitions industry
  - Kursk
  - Norway
  - Partisans
  - Potsdam Conference
  - Quebec Conferences
  - resistance movements
  - Siege of Leningrad
  - Slovenia
  - strategic planning [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
  - Tehran Conference
  - Tobruk
  - Vichy France
  - Warsaw occupation
  - Yalta Conference
history: West Germany (1945-89)
- Adenauer's administration
- Berlin blockade [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- Berlin Wall
- currency reform
- East Germany: see German Democratic Republic [Cross ref]
- European treaties
- foreign relations [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
  - Denmark
  - U.S.
- Oder-Neisse Line
- rearmament
- Red Army Faction
- Saarland referendum
- Stasi espionage
history post-1989: reunified Germany
- effect on Cold War
- process of reunification
- role of Gorbachev
- for an outline of the history of Germany see PROPAEDIA: Sections 912; 921; 923; 961; 963; 971; 972
language: see German language [Cross ref]; Germanic languages [Cross ref]
law: see German law [Cross ref]; Germanic law [Cross ref]
literature: see German literature [Cross ref]
military affairs
- conscientious objector policy
- conscription
- intelligence operations
- land tactics
- military general staff development
- naval craft development
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- nuclear weapons
- radar
- rocket research [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- small arms development
- strategic views [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- tanks
- U-boats
- Western European Union
physical geography
- Alps
- Baltic Sea
- Danube River
- Devonian Period sediments
- Elbe River
- European Plain
- Lübeck
- Oder River
- Rhine River [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]
- Weser River
religion
- anticlericalism
- Bible versions
- church and society
- church and state
- concordat with Pius XII
- ecumenism
- Mennonites
- Pietism [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- Protestantism [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- reaction to Lutheranism
- Reformed churches
- rescue missions
- Roman Catholicism
- tithe requirement
science and technology
- aerospace industry [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
- automotive industry
- government laboratories
- plastics and resins
- typography [Ref 1] passim to [Ref 2]
social issues
- Gastarbeiter
- old-age pensions
- social welfare [Ref 1], [Ref 2]
sports and recreation
- association football
- bowling
- gymnastics
- physical education
- shooting
- tennis
transportation
- aircraft
- airship
- canals and inland waterways
- gas-powered bus
- magnetic levitation vehicle
- railroad [Ref 1], [Ref 2], [Ref 3]
- roads and highways [Ref 1]; [Ref 2]; [Ref 3]
- steamships
see also German Democratic Republic [Cross ref]; and states, historical regions, cities, physical features, and significant persons and historical events by name