Table of Contents

Afghanistan
• Introduction
• Physical and human geography
  • THE LAND
    • Relief.
    • Drainage.
    • Soils.
    • Climate.
    • Plant and animal life.
    • Settlement patterns.
      • Urban settlement.
      • Rural settlement.
  • THE PEOPLE
    • Ethnolinguistic groups.
    • Religion.
    • Demographic trends.
  • THE ECONOMY
    • Management of the economy.
    • Resources.
      • Mineral resources.
      • Biological resources.
      • Power resources.
    • Agriculture.
    • Industry.
    • Finance.
    • Trade.
    • Transportation.
  • ADMINISTRATION AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS
    • Government.
    • Armed forces.
    • Education.
    • Health and welfare.
    • Social divisions.
  • CULTURAL LIFE
• History
  • PREHISTORY
  • HISTORICAL BEGINNINGS (TO THE 7TH CENTURY AD)
    • The Achaemenians and the Greeks.
    • The Kushans.
    • The Sasanians and Hephthalites.
  • MEDIEVAL PERIOD (7TH-18TH CENTURY)
    • The first Muslim dynasties.
      • The Ghaznavids.
      • The Ghurids.
      • The Khwarezm-Shahs.
    • The Mongol invasion.
    • Later medieval dynasties.
  • LAST AFGHAN EMPIRE
    • Overthrow of foreign rule.
      • The Hotakis.
      • Nader Shah.
    • The Durrani dynasty.
      • Zaman Shah (1793-1800).
      • Shah Mahmud (1800-03; 1809-18).
      • Shah Shoja' (1803-09; 1839-42).
    • The rise of the Barakzay.
      • Dost Mohammad (1826-39; 1843-63).
      • Shir 'Ali (1863-66; 1868-79).
      • Ya'qub Khan (1879).
    • Modern Afghanistan.
      • 'Abdor Rahman Khan (1880-1901).
      • Habibollah Khan (1901-19).
      • Amanollah (1919-29).
      • Mohammad Nader Shah (1929-33).
      • Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933-73).
  • AFGHANISTAN SINCE 1973
    • The Republic of Afghanistan (1973-78).
    • The Afghan Civil War.
• Bibliography
  • Physical and human geography:
  • History: