Table of Contents

Minerals and Rocks
• Introduction
• Definition of a mineral.
• Mineral nomenclature.
• Occurrence and formation of minerals.
• MINERALS: THEIR NATURE, CLASSIFICATION,AND ASSOCIATIONS
  • The nature of minerals
    • MORPHOLOGY
      • Symmetry elements.
      • Twinning.
    • INTERNAL STRUCTURE
      • Examining crystal structures.
      • Space groups.
      • Illustrating crystal structures.
    • POLYMORPHISM
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • MINERAL FORMULAS
    • COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION
    • CHEMICAL BONDING
      • Ionic bonds.
      • Covalent bonds.
      • Metallic bonds.
      • Van der Waals bonds.
      • Hydrogen bonds.
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
      • Crystal habit and crystal aggregation.
      • Cleavage and fracture.
      • Lustre.
      • Colour.
      • Hardness.
      • Tenacity.
      • Specific gravity.
      • Magnetism.
      • Fluorescence.
      • Solubility in hydrochloric acid.
      • Radioactivity.
  • Classification of minerals
    • NATIVE ELEMENTS
      • Metals.
      • Semimetals.
      • Nonmetals.
    • SULFIDES
    • SULFOSALTS
    • OXIDES AND HYDROXIDES
    • HALIDES
    • CARBONATES
    • NITRATES
    • BORATES
    • SULFATES
    • PHOSPHATES
    • SILICATES
      • Nesosilicates.
      • Sorosilicates.
      • Cyclosilicates.
      • Inosilicates.
      • Phyllosilicates.
      • Tectosilicates.
  • Mineral associations and phase equilibrium
    • ASSEMBLAGE AND THE PHASE RULE
    • PHASE DIAGRAMS
      • Use in igneous petrology.
      • Use in metamorphic petrology.
      • Use in sedimentary petrology.
• MAJOR ROCK-FORMING MINERALS
  • Feldspars and feldspathoids
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • FELDSPARS
      • Chemical composition.
      • Crystal structure.
      • Physical properties.
        • Common properties of the group.
        • Identification of specific feldspars.
      • Origin and occurrence.
      • Uses.
    • FELDSPATHOIDS
      • Chemical composition and crystal structure.
      • Physical properties.
      • Origin and occurrence.
      • Uses.
  • Amphiboles
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
      • Igneous rocks.
      • Contact metamorphic rocks.
      • Regional metamorphic rocks.
  • Pyroxenes
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
      • Igneous rocks.
      • Metamorphic rocks.
  • Quartz and other silica minerals
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
    • INDIVIDUAL SILICA MINERALS
      • Quartz.
      • Chalcedony.
      • Jasper, chert, and flint.
      • High quartz (-quartz).
      • Tridymite.
      • Cristobalite.
      • Opal.
      • Vitreous silica.
      • Melanophlogite.
      • Keatite.
      • Coesite and stishovite.
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
      • Solubility of silica minerals.
      • The silica phase diagram.
    • USES
  • Micas
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
    • USES
  • Olivines
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
      • Physical properties.
      • Crystal habit and form.
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
      • Igneous rocks.
      • Metamorphic rocks.
      • Meteorites and the Earth's mantle.
      • Other occurrences.
      • Alteration products and weathering.
  • Garnets
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
    • USES
  • Clay minerals
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • STRUCTURE
      • General features.
      • Kaolin-serpentine group.
      • Pyrophyllite-talc group.
      • Mica mineral group.
      • Vermiculite.
      • Smectite.
      • Chlorite.
      • Interstratified clay minerals.
      • Sepiolite and palygorskite.
      • Imogolite and allophane.
    • CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
      • Ion exchange.
      • Clay-water relations.
      • Interactions with inorganic and organic compounds.
      • Physical properties.
      • Size and shape.
      • High-temperature reactions.
      • Solubility.
    • OCCURRENCE
      • Soils.
      • Recent sediments.
      • Ancient sediments.
      • Sediments affected by diagenesis.
      • Hydrothermal deposits.
    • ORIGIN
      • Synthetic formation.
      • Formation in nature.
    • INDUSTRIAL USES
  • Calcite
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
    • USES
  • Dolomite
    • GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    • CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
    • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • ORIGIN AND OCCURRENCE
    • USES
  • Other common rock-forming minerals
    • MAGNETITE AND CHROMITE
    • HALITE, GYPSUM, AND ANHYDRITE
    • EPIDOTE
    • HEMATITE
    • LIMONITE
    • PYRITE AND PYRRHOTITE
• THE NATURE OF ROCKS
  • General considerations
    • ROCK TYPES
    • ROCK CYCLE
    • ABUNDANCE OF ROCK TYPES
  • Texture
    • Classification by grain or crystal size.
    • Porosity.
  • Physical properties
    • DENSITY
    • MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
      • Stress and strain.
      • Elastic constants.
      • Rock mechanics.
      • Stress-strain relationships.
      • Effect of environmental conditions.
    • THERMAL PROPERTIES
      • Thermal conductivity.
      • Thermal expansion.
      • Radioactive heat generation.
    • ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
    • MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
      • Applications of the study of rock magnetization.
      • Basic types of magnetization.
      • Types of remanent magnetization.
      • Hysteresis and magnetic susceptibility.
      • Magnetic minerals and magnetic properties of rocks.
• IGNEOUS ROCKS
  • Composition
    • CHEMICAL COMPONENTS
    • MINERALOGICAL COMPONENTS
  • Textural features
    • Crystallinity.
    • Granularity.Grain size.
      • Fabric.
      • Important textural types.
  • Structural features
    • SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURAL FEATURES
    • LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURAL FEATURES
      • Clastic structures.
      • Flow structures.
      • Fractures.
      • Inclusions.
      • Pillow structures.
      • Segregations.
      • Zonal structures.
  • Classification of igneous rocks
    • CLASSIFICATION OF PLUTONIC ROCKS
    • CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANIC AND HYPABYSSAL ROCKS
  • Origin and distribution
    • ORIGIN OF MAGMAS
    • NATURE OF MAGMAS
    • CRYSTALLIZATION FROM MAGMAS
      • The forsterite-cristobalite system.
      • The albite-anorthite system.
      • Bowen's reaction series.
      • Assimilation.
    • VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS AND LATE MAGMATIC PROCESSES
      • Effects of water and other volatiles.
      • Pegmatites and late-stage mineralization.
  • Forms of occurrence
    • EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
    • INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
    • DISTRIBUTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS ON THE EARTH'S SURFACE
      • Divergent plate boundaries.
      • Convergent plate boundaries.
      • Flood basalts.
      • Other terrestrial occurrences.
      • Extraterrestrial occurrences.
• SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
  • Classification systems
    • TERRIGENOUS CLASTIC ROCKS
    • CARBONATE ROCKS: LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES
    • NONCARBONATE CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
  • Properties of sedimentary rocks
    • TEXTURE
      • Grain size.
      • Particle shape.
      • Fabric.
    • MINERALOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION
  • Sedimentary structures
    • EXTERNAL STRATIFICATION
    • BEDDING TYPES AND BEDDING-PLANE FEATURES
      • Types.
      • Bedding-plane features.
    • DEFORMATION STRUCTURES
  • Sedimentary environments
  • Sedimentary rock types
    • CONGLOMERATES AND BRECCIAS
      • Classification schemes.
      • Epiclastic conglomerates and breccias.
        • Orthoconglomerates.
        • Paraconglomerates.
    • SANDSTONES
      • Sandstone components and colour.
      • Formation of sandstones today.
      • Bedding structure.
      • Texture.
      • Mineral composition.
      • Classification of sandstones.
        • Quartz arenites.
        • Arkosic sandstones.
        • Lithic arenites.
        • Wackes.
    • MUDROCKS
      • General properties of shales.
      • Origin of shales.
      • Shales of economic value.
    • LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES
      • Mineralogy.
      • Textural components.
      • Origin of limestones.
      • Dolomites and dolomitization.
    • SILICEOUS ROCKS
      • Types of cherts.
      • Origin of cherts.
    • PHOSPHORITES
    • EVAPORITES
      • Nonmarine environment.
      • Shallow marine environment.
      • Deep-basin environment.
    • IRON-RICH SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
      • Origin of banded iron formation.
      • Origin of ironstones.
    • ORGANIC-RICH SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS
      • Coal.
      • Oil shale.
      • Oil and natural gas.
  • Secular trends in the sedimentary rock record
• METAMORPHIC ROCKS
  • Metamorphic variables
    • TEMPERATURE
    • PRESSURE
    • ROCK COMPOSITION
      • Classification into four chemical systems.
      • Thermodynamics of metamorphic assemblages.
  • Metamorphic reactions
    • Reactions in a kaolinite-quartz system.
    • Reactions of other mineral systems.
    • Isograds.
    • PRINCIPAL TYPES
    • RETROGRADE METAMORPHISM
  • Textural features
    • Major features.
    • Lamination.
  • Structural features
  • Metamorphic facies
    • FACIES SERIES
    • PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE-TIME PATHS
  • Origin of metamorphic rocks: types of metamorphism
    • Hydrothermal metamorphism.
    • Dynamic metamorphism.
    • Contact metamorphism.
      • Sanidinite facies.
      • Pyroxene-hornfels facies.
      • Hornblende-hornfels facies.
      • Albite-epidote-hornfels facies.
    • Regional metamorphism.
      • Zeolite facies.
      • Prehnite-pumpellyite facies.
      • Blueschist facies.
      • Eclogite facies.
      • Greenschist facies.
      • Amphibolite facies.
      • Granulite facies.
  • Distribution of metamorphic rocks
  • Classification of metamorphic rocks
    • Schist.
    • Slate.
    • Gneiss.
    • Hornfels.
    • Marble.
    • Mylonites and cataclastites.
    • Other classes.
• Bibliography
  • The nature of minerals.
  • Major rock-forming minerals. General works:
  • Silicate minerals:
  • Clay minerals:
  • Carbonate minerals:
  • Other common rock-forming minerals:
  • The nature of rocks.
  • Igneous rocks:
  • Sedimentary rocks:
  • Metamorphic rocks: