0.63;
1 =U.S.$1.59.Form of government: federal republic with two legislative houses (Senate [100]; House of Representatives [435{1}]).
Head of state and government: President.
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Official language: none.
Official religion: none.
Monetary unit: 1 dollar (U.S.$)=100 cents; valuation
(Oct. 7, 1994) 1 U.S.$=0.63;
1 =U.S.$1.59.
Population (1994){2}: 260,967,000.
Density (1994){2}: persons per sq mi 70.9, persons per sq km 27.3.
Urban-rural (1992): urban 75.6%; rural 24.4%.
Sex distribution (1992): male 48.80%; female 51.20%.
Age breakdown (1992): under 15, 21.9%; 15-29, 22.1%; 30-44, 24.4%; 45-59, 14.9%; 60-74, 11.3%; 75 and over, 5.4%.
Population projection: (2000) 275,512,000; (2010) 298,865,000.
Doubling time: 101 years.
Population by race and Hispanic{3} origin (1992): non-Hispanic white 74.8%; non-Hispanic black 11.9%; Hispanic 9.5%; Asian and Pacific Islander 3.1%; American Indian and Eskimo 0.7%.
Religious affiliation (1990): Christian 86.5%, of which Protestant 52.7%, Roman Catholic 26.2%, other Christian 7.6%; Muslim 1.9%; Jewish 1.8%; nonreligious 7.5%; other 2.3%.
Mobility (1992). Population living in the same residence as in 1991: 83.0%; different residence, same county 11.0%; different county, same state 3.0%; different state 3.0%; moved from abroad 1.0%.
Households (1993). Total households 96,391,000 (married-couple families 53,171,000 [55.2%]). Average household size 2.6; 1 person 24.5%, 2 persons 32.4%, 3 persons 17.5%, 4 persons 15.5%, 5 or more persons 10.1%. Family households: 68,144,000 (70.7%); nonfamily 28,247,000 (29.3%), of which 1-person 83.7%.
Immigration (1992{4}): permanent immigrants admitted 974,000, from Mexico 21.9%, Vietnam 8.0%, Philippines 6.3%, former U.S.S.R. 4.5%, Dominican Republic 4.3%, China 3.8%, India 3.8%, El Salvador 2.7%, Poland 2.6%, South Korea 2.0%, Jamaica 1.9%, Taiwan 1.7%, Canada 1.6%, Ukraine 1.5%, Colombia 1.4%, Iran 1.4%. Refugee arrivals (1992{4}): 117,037.
Major cities (1990): New York 7,322,564; Los Angeles 3,485,398; Chicago 2,783,726; Houston 1,630,553; Philadelphia 1,585,577; San Diego 1,110,549; Detroit 1,027,974; Dallas 1,006,877; Phoenix 983,403; San Antonio 935,933.
Place of birth (1990): native-born 227,078,000 (91.3%); foreign-born 21,632,000 (8.7%), of which Mexico 4,447,000, Germany (East and West) 1,163,000, Philippines 998,000, Canada 871,000, United Kingdom 765,000, Cuba 751,000, South Korea 663,000, Italy 640,000, Vietnam 556,000, China 543,000, India 463,000, Japan 422,000, Poland 397,000, U.S.S.R. 337,000, Portugal 219,000, Greece 189,000, other 8,208,000.
Birth rate per 1,000 population (1993): 15.7 (world avg. 26.0); (1991) legitimate 70.5%; illegitimate 29.5%.
Death rate per 1,000 population (1993): 8.8 (world avg. 9.2).
Natural increase rate per 1,000 population (1993): 6.9 (world avg. 16.8).
Total fertility rate (avg. births per childbearing woman; 1993): 2.1.
Marriage rate per 1,000 population (1993): 9.0; median age at first marriage (1991): men 26.3 years, women 24.1 years.
Divorce rate per 1,000 population (1993): 4.6.
Life expectancy at birth (1992): white male 73.2 years, black and other male 67.8 years; white female 79.7 years, black and other female 75.6 years.
Major causes of death per 100,000 population (12 months ending May 1993): cardiovascular diseases 350.0, of which ischemic heart disease 180.0, other forms of heart disease 76.2, cerebrovascular diseases 57.4, atherosclerosis 5.3, other cardiovascular diseases 10.5; malignant neoplasms (cancers) 195.3; diseases of the respiratory system 71.9, of which pneumonia 30.2; accidents and adverse effects 31.6, of which motor-vehicle accidents 14.1; diabetes mellitus 21.3; AIDS 13.7; suicide 12.2; chronic liver disease and cirrhosis 9.1; homicide 8.5.
Morbidity rates of infectious diseases per 100,000 population (1992): gonorrhea 196.1; chicken pox 62.0; syphilis 44.2; AIDS 17.8; salmonellosis 16.0; tuberculosis 10.4; shigellosis 9.4; hepatitis A (infectious) 9.0; hepatitis B (serum) 6.3; aseptic meningitis 4.8; mumps 1.6.
Incidence of chronic health conditions per 1,000 population (1992): chronic sinusitus 143.5; arthritis 130.4; deformities or orthopedic impairments 123.7; hypertension 108.9; hay fever 100.6; hearing impairment 93.1; heart conditions 84.5; chronic bronchitis 52.8; asthma 48.4; hemorrhoids 37.4.
Educational attainment (1991). Percentage of population age 25 and over having: incomplete primary education 6.2%; primary 4.4%; incomplete secondary 11.0%; secondary 38.6%; some postsecondary 18.4%; 4-year higher degree or more 21.4%. Number of earned degrees (1991-92): bachelor's degree 1,105,000; master's degree 344,000; doctor's degree 39,800; first-professional degrees (in fields such as medicine, theology, and law) 74,900.
Quality of working life (1993). Average workweek: 39.3 hours. Annual rate per 100,000 workers for (1992): injury or accident 2,700; death 6.0. Proportion of labour force insured for damages or income loss resulting from: injury, permanent disability, and death (1988) 56.6%. Average days per 1,000 workdays lost to labour stoppages (1993): 0.1. Average duration of journey to work (1979): 22.5 minutes (private automobile 85.7%, public transportation 5.9%, bicycle or motorcycle 1.3%, foot 3.9%, work at home 2.3%, other 0.9%). Rate per 1,000 employed workers of discouraged workers (unemployed no longer seeking work; 1992): 6.9.
Access to services (1991). Proportion of occupied dwellings having access to: electricity, virtually 100.0%; safe public water supply 97.9% (13.2% from wells); public sewage collection 75.4%; septic tanks 24.1%; public fire protection, n.a.
Social participation. Eligible voters participating in last presidential election (1992): 54.0%. Population age 18 and over participating in voluntary work (1991): 51.1%. Trade-union membership in total workforce (1993): 15.8%. Practicing religious population in total affiliated population (church attendance; 1987): once a week 47%; once in six months 67%; once a year 74%.
Social deviance (1992). Offense rate per 100,000 population for: murder 9.3; rape 42.8; robbery 263.6; aggravated assault 441.8; motor-vehicle theft 631.5; burglary and housebreaking 1,168.2; larceny-theft 3,103.0; drug-abuse violation 309.2 {5}; drunkenness 260.1{5}. Drug and substance users (population age 26 and over; 1992): alcohol 47.8%; tobacco (cigarettes) 26.2%; marijuana 4.4%; cocaine 0.6%; tranquilizers 0.5%{5}; analgesics 0.5%{5}; stimulants 0.2%{5}; hallucinogens 0.1%{5}; heroin, n.a. Rate per 100,000 population of suicide (1993): 12.2.
Leisure (1992). Favourite leisure activities (percentage of total population that undertook activity at least once in the previous year): movie 59.0%, amusement park 50.0%, sports event 37.0%, live play 31.0%, art museum 27.0%; exercising 60.0%, reading literature 54.0%, playing sports 39.0%.
Material well-being (1992). Occupied dwellings with householder possessing: automobile 84.9%{6}; telephone 93.9%; radio receiver 99.0%; television receiver 98.3%; air conditioner 69.9%{7}; washing machine 76.3%{7}; videocassette recorder 72.5%; cable television 60.2%.
Recreational expenditures (1991): U.S.$258,700,000,000 {8} (television and radio receivers 21.7%; nondurable toys and sports equipment 11.0%; sports supplies 10.2%; magazines and newspapers 7.8%; golfing, bowling, and other participatory activities 7.3%; books and maps 6.0%; spectator amusements 4.0%, of which spectator sports 1.5%, theatre and opera 1.4%, movies 1.1%; flowers, seeds, and potted plants 3.6%).
Budget (1994). Revenue: U.S.$1,259,900,000,000 (individual income tax 43.6%, social-insurance taxes and contributions 36.5%, corporation income tax 11.1%, other 8.8%). Expenditures: U.S.$1,480,000,000,000 (social security and medicare 31.5%, defense 18.9%, income security 14.4%, interest on debt 13.8%, health 7.3%, other 14.1%).
Total national debt (Oct. 17, 1994): U.S.$4,613,524,000,000.
Gross national product (at current market prices; 1993): U.S.$6,378,100,000,000 (U.S.$24,700 per capita).
Business activity (1990): number of businesses 20,054,000 (sole proprietorships 73.7%, active corporations 18.5%, active partnerships 7.8%), of which services 8,631,000, wholesaling and retailing 3,849,000; business receipts $12,186,000,000,000 (active corporations 89.6%, sole proprietorships 6.0%, active partnerships 4.4%), of which wholesaling and retailing $3,563,000,000,000, services $1,140,000,000,000; net profit $529,000,000,000 (active corporations 70.1%, sole proprietorships 26.7%, partnerships 3.2%), of which services $122,000,000,000, wholesaling and retailing $47,000,000,000. New business concerns and business failures (1993): total number of new incorporations 667,341{9}; total failures 85,982, of which commercial service 24,311, retail trade 15,600; failure rate per 10,000 concerns 95.9; current liabilities of failed concerns $48,281,000,000, of which retail trade $9,644,000,000, manufacturing and mining $4,931,300,000; average liability $561,500. Business expenditures for new plant and equipment (1993): total $584,600,000,000, of which trade, services, and communications $297,700,000,000, manufacturing businesses $179,500,000,000 (nondurable goods 54.6%, durable goods 45.4%), public utilities $75,000,000,000, transportation $22,400,000,000, mining $10,100,000,000.
Production. Agriculture, forestry, fishing (value of production/catch in U.S.$'000,000 except as noted; 1992): corn (maize) 19,378, soybeans 11,843, hay 10,506, wheat 7,979, cotton lint 4,248, tobacco 3,059, potatoes 2,160, grapes 1,825, sorghum 1,693, oranges 1,599, apples 1,422, tomatoes 1,310, peanuts (groundnuts) 1,285, sugar beets 1,157, rice 1,099, barley 951, sugarcane 844, lettuce 822, strawberries 685, almonds 670, onions 613, cottonseed 607, dry edible beans 467, grapefruit 426, oats 391, peaches 373, carrots 338, cantaloupe 291, broccoli 280, pears 274, walnuts 268, lemons 256, sunflower seeds 246, pecans 240, cranberries 213, celery 206; livestock (number of live animals) 99,559,000 cattle, 57,684,000 pigs, 10,750,000 sheep, 5,450,000 horses, 1,437,000,000 chickens; roundwood 495,800,000 cu m; fish and shellfish catch 3,678, of which fish 2,013 (including salmon 582, Alaska pollack 324), shellfish 1,665 (including shrimp 480, crabs 471). Mining (metal content in metric tons, except as noted; 1993): iron 34,617,000; copper 1,787,000; zinc 488,000; lead 354,000; molybdenum 45,400; vanadium 1,700; mercury 70; silver 1,700,000 kg; gold 330,000 kg; helium 93,000,000 cu m. Quarrying (metric tons; 1993): sand and gravel 812,000,000; crushed stone 780,000,000; cement 72,600,000; clay 42,200,000; common salt 38,000,000; phosphate rock 31,800,000; lime 16,600,000; gypsum 15,500,000. Manufacturing (metric tons except as noted; 1993): crude steel 87,343,000; paper and paperboard 76,688,000; wood pulp 57,189,000; pig iron 48,275,000; sulfuric acid 40,153,000; coke 21,237,000{9}; phosphoric acid 10,474,000; cheese 5,877,000; newsprint 5,833,000; aerospace vehicles (sales) U.S.$121,852,000,000{9}; machine tools (new orders for metal-cutting-type tools) U.S.$2,322,400,000; cotton fabric 4,402,000,000 sq m; carpets and rugs 1,134,300,000 sq m{9}; footwear 167,803,000 pairs{9}; motor-vehicle tires 237,448,000 units; major household appliances 51,277,000 units, of which 8,109,000 refrigerators, 7,703,000 microwave ovens, 6,793,000 washing machines, 5,074,000 clothes driers; television receivers 21,304,000 units{9}; radio receivers 18,405,000 units; new passenger cars (factory sales) 5,955,000 units; new trucks and buses (factory sales) 4,786,000 units. Construction (completed; 1993): private U.S.$299,563,000,000, of which residential U.S.$208,092,000,000, nonresidential U.S.$91,471,000,000; public U.S.$55,103,000,000, of which residential U.S.$5,139,000,000, nonresidential U.S.$49,964,000,000.
Energy production (consumption): electricity (kW-hr; 1992) 2,797,000,000,000 (2,757,000,000,000); coal (metric tons; 1992) 907,400,000 (809,700,000); crude petroleum (barrels; 1992) 2,617,000,000 (4,895,000,000); petroleum products (metric tons; 1991) 758,400,000 (828,600,000); natural gas (cu m; 1992) 503,332,000,000 (558,946,000,000). Domestic production of energy by source (1993): natural gas 32.5%, coal 31.1%, crude petroleum 22.0%, other{10} 14.4%.
Energy consumption by source (1993): petroleum and petroleum products 40.2%, natural gas 24.8%, coal 23.4%, other{10} 11.6%; by end use (1992): industrial 37.2%, residential and commercial 35.5%, transportation 27.3%.
Household income and expenditure. Average household size (1992) 2.6; average (mean) annual income per household U.S.$39,020, of which average white household U.S.$40,780, average Hispanic {3} household U.S.$29,602, average black household U.S.$25,409; sources of income: wages and salaries 57.8%, transfer payments 16.7%, self-employment 8.1%, other 17.4%; expenditure: transportation 21.4%, housing 15.5%, food 10.8%, fuel and utilities 8.0%, wearing apparel 7.0%, recreation 6.8%, health 6.7%, expenditures in restaurants and hotels 5.5%, household furnishings 4.8%, education 1.7%, other 13.5%.
Selected household characteristics (1993). Total number of households 96,391,000, of which (by race) white 85.2%, black 11.6%, other 3.2%; in central cities 31.4%, in suburbs 46.3%, outside metropolitan areas 22.3%; (by tenure) owned 62,220,000 (64.5%), rented 32,499,000 (33.7%); family households 68,144,000, of which married couple 78.0%, female head with own children {11} under age 18, 7.5%, female head without own children {11} under 18, 4.9%; nonfamily households 28,247,000, of which female living alone 50.3%, male living alone 33.2%, other 16.5%.
Population economically active (1993): total 128,040,000 {12}; activity rate of total population 49.6% (participation rates: ages 15-64, 76.2%; female 45.6%; unemployed 6.8%).
Tourism (1993): receipts from visitors U.S.$74,560,000,000; expenditures by nationals abroad U.S.$52,585,000,000; number of foreign visitors (1992) 16,450,000 (6,979,000 from Europe, 4,699,000 from Asia, 1,423,000 from South America, 1,201,000 from Central America and the Caribbean); number of nationals traveling abroad{13} (1992) 15,965,000 (7,136,000 to Europe, 5,285,000 to Latin America {14}).
Land use (1991): forested 31.3%; meadows and pastures 26.1%; agricultural and under permanent cultivation 20.5%; other 22.1%.
Imports (1993): U.S.$580,644,000,000 (machinery and transport equipment 44.8%, of which motor vehicles and parts 13.7%; basic and miscellaneous manufactures 29.4%; mineral fuels and lubricants 9.6%; chemicals and related products 5.0%; food and live animals 4.0%). Major import sources: Canada 19.1%; Japan 18.5%; Mexico 6.9%; Taiwan 5.4%; Germany 4.9%; U.K. 3.7%; South Korea 2.9%; France 2.6%; Italy 2.3%; Singapore 2.2%; Hong Kong 1.6%; Saudi Arabia 1.3%.
Exports (1993): U.S.$464,767,000,000 (machinery and transport 45.0%, of which motor vehicles and parts 17.2%; basic and miscellaneous manufactures 18.8%; chemicals and related products 9.7%; food and live animals 7.1%; inedible crude materials 5.2%). Major export destinations: Canada 21.6%; Japan 10.3%; Mexico 9.0%; U.K. 5.6%; Germany 4.1%; Taiwan 3.5%; South Korea 3.2%; France 2.9%; The Netherlands 2.8%; Belgium-Luxembourg 2.0%.
Transport. Railroads (1993): length 136,000 mi{9}, 219,000 km{9}; passenger-mi 6,062,000,000, passenger-km 9,756,000,000; short ton-mi cargo 1,088,990,000,000, metric ton-km cargo 1,590,048,000,000. Roads (1992): total length 3,902,000 mi, 6,280,000 km (paved 88.9%). Vehicles (1992): passenger cars 144,213,000; trucks and buses 46,149,000. Merchant marine (1993): vessels (1,000 gross tons and over) 603; total deadweight tonnage 20,419,000. Air transport (1993): passenger-mi 480,463,000,000, passenger-km 773,232,000,000; short ton-mi cargo 13,320,000,000, metric ton-km cargo 19,447,000,000; localities (1993) with scheduled flights 834{15}. Certified route passenger/cargo air carriers (1992) 77; operating revenue (U.S.$'000,000; 1991) 74,942, of which domestic 56,119, international 18,823; operating expenses 76,669, of which domestic 56,596, international 20,073.
Communications. Daily newspapers (1992): total number 1,570; total circulation 62,160,000; circulation per 1,000 population 243. Radio (1993{16}): total number of receivers 538,000,000 (1 per 0.5 persons). Television (1994{16}): total number of receivers 211,000,000 (1 per 1.2 persons). Telephones (1992; access lines): 140,000,000 (1 per 1.8 persons).
Literacy: studies in the late 1980s indicated that adult "functional" literacy may not exceed 85%.
Health (1992): doctors of medicine 653,100{17} (1 per 391 persons), of which office-based practice 387,900 (including specialties in internal medicine 16.8%, general and family practice 15.1%, pediatrics 7.5%, obstetrics and gynecology 7.0%, general surgery 6.4%, psychiatry 5.6%, anesthesiology 5.2%, orthopedics 4.1%, ophthalmology 3.8%); doctors of osteopathy 33,500; nurses 1,853,024 (1 per 138 persons); dentists 155,058 (1 per 1,647 persons); hospital beds 1,174,000 (1 per 218 persons), of which nonfederal 92.4% (community hospitals 80.9%, psychiatric 11.8%, long-term general and special 1.8%), federal 7.6%; infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births (1993) 8.3.
Food (1988-90): daily per capita caloric intake 3,642 (vegetable products 70%, animal products 30%); 138% of FAO recommended minimum requirement. Per capita consumption of major food groups (pounds annually; 1992): milk 230.8; grains 187.0; sweeteners 143.3; potatoes 133.5; red meat 114.1; fresh vegetables 109.3; fresh fruits 98.7; fats and oils 65.6; poultry products 60.1; fish and shellfish 14.7.
Total active duty personnel (1993): 1,729,700 (army 33.9%, navy 29.5%, air force 26.0%, marines 10.6%). Military expenditure as percentage of GNP (1991): 4.9% (world 4.2%); per capita expenditure U.S.$1,110. Military aid (1993): total $4,143,000,000 (Middle East 76.2%, of which Israel 43.4%, Egypt 31.4%; Europe 20.8%, of which Turkey 10.9%; Latin America 1.8%).