Revista de Toxicología. Hemeroteca 1996-2007

Volúmen 16 (1999)

Referencias Bibliográficas

16:1[1] Lead shot and sinkers: ecotoxicology and effects on animals.
Guitart R, Mañosa S., Thomas VG, Mateo R.
16:1[2] Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout hepatocytes. Protective activity of zinc and selenium.
Lafuente A, Mouteira RC.
16:1[3] Citotoxic assessment of metals on BF-2 and RTG-2 fish cell lines using two alternative methods.
Bayoumi AE, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Ordoñez C, García-Fernández AJ, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Ordoñez D.
16:1[4] Acute toxicity of fruit extracts from Melia azedarach L. in rats.
Carpinella MC, Fulginiti S, Britos S, Oviedo MM, Alonso RA, Palacios SM.
16:1[5] Detection system development of xenobiotics compounds in waste water. Priority pollutants extraction by several solid phases.
Fernández C, Agrelo M, Martín-Otero L, Castaño A.
16:2[6] Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement).
Guillermo Repetto, Ana del Peso, Manuel Salguero y Manuel Repetto.

16:3[7] AET Granada 99. Conferencia inaugural
16:3[8] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Bioquímica
16:3[9] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Veterinaria
16:3[10] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Clínica
16:3[11] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Industrial
16:3[12] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Ambiental
16:3[13] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicologia Analitica
16:3[14] AET Granada 99. Sesión Drogas de Abuso
16:3[15] AET Granada 99. Sesión Métodos Alternativos
16:3[16] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Forense
16:3[17] AET Granada 99. Sesión Toxicología Alimentaria
16:3[18] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Bioquímica
16:3[19] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Veterinaria
16:3[20] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Clínica
16:3[21] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Industrial
16:3[22] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Ambiental
16:3[23] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicologia Analitica
16:3[24] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Drogas de Abuso
16:3[25] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Métodos Alternativos
16:3[26] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Forense
16:3[27] AET Granada 99. Resúmenes Toxicología Alimentaria
16:3[28] AET Granada 99. Enseñanza de la Toxicología

Resúmenes

Lead shot and sinkers: ecotoxicology and effects on animals. Raimon Guitart, Santi Mañosa, Vernon G. Thomas, Rafael Mateo
Summary: About a 100,000 tones of lead are used every year, world-wide, in the manufacture of lead shot for hunting and sport shooting, 5,000 t of wich are used in Spain. This lead, together with that coming from sport fishing and military practices, is destined to be deposited in the environment where it causes a serious pollution problem for the environment and the direct poisoning of wildlife. The pollution effects upon the environment and the accumulation of highly bioavailable lead compounds in trophic webs have been demonstrated in many instances. It has been suggested that the lead accumulated in plants, fungi, and invertebrates is a potencial source for vertebrates. The direct toxic effects of lead shot and sinkers on wildlife have been described mainly in waterbirds, upland birds, and birds of prey. They have also been reported to occur in cattle, reptiles and marine mammals, and occur whenever these small lead objects are ingested. In Spain, lead shot ingestion causes the death of about 50,000 waterbirds every year, some in endangered or threatened species. Two of the three most important lead poisoning outbreaks in flamingos were recorded in Spain. The first case of a fatal lead poisoning of a Palearctic griffon vulture was also recorded in Spain. This pollution problem is serious, but not confined to Spain. There are several effective alternatives to the use of lead in these sporting activities, and there is no legitimate reason why they should not be urgently and globally implemented. The experience of several countries, such as Denmark, Norway, The Netherlands, The United States or The United Kingdom, shows that lead use is not essential for the the practice of hunting, sport shooting, or fishing.
Key words: Lead shot, lead sinkers, pollution, poisoning, review
Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout hepatocytes. Protective activity of zinc and selenium. Lafuente A. y Mouteira RC.
Summary: Cadmium exerts important adverse effects in mammalians as well as fishes, birds and reptiles. The objective of present work is to evaluate the hepatic cadmium citotoxicity and to study the possible protector role of zinc and selenium. For this purpose, primary cultures of hepatocytes obtained from immature adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been used. The doses chosen were 40 y 80 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl2); 190 y 380 µM zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and, 12,5 and 25 µM sodium selenite (Na2SeO3). The cellular viability has been evaluated by the azul tripán exclusion test and by the determination of lactic deshidrogenase enzyme (LDH) concentration into the culture medium, for 6h taking samples every hour. Cadmium citotoxicity at two doses (40 and 80 µM) in a trout hepatocytes suspension is only reflected after 2h of incubation, increasing with the concentration and/or time exposure. On the order hand, the results obtained in the present study suggest a possible protector role of zinc on cadmium toxicity, while selenium seems to miss this protector effect.
Key words: Cadmium, Zinc, Selenium, Hepatocytes, Trout
Citotoxic assessment of metals on BF-2 and RTG-2 fish cell lines using two alternative methods. Alaa E. Bayoumi, Pérez-Pertejo,Y., Ordóñez, C., García-Fernández, A. J., Reguera, R. M., Balaña-Fouce, R. and Ordóñez, D.
Summary: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of seven metals, two lines of fish cell culture, BF-2 and RTG-2 were used. The first cell line (BF-2), derived from the caudal fin portion of the trunk of bluegill sunfish and the second fish cell line, (RTG-2), derived from the gonadal tissues of the rainbow trout fish, both representing continental water organisms. Two in vitro alternative methods were carried out, neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and total cell protein content (TPC) assay. The toxicity regression lines and cytotoxicity values of the tested metals were estimated after 24 h of exposure period. According to the estimated midpoint cytotoxicity values (NRU50 and/or LC50) from the two in vitro techniques, the observed sequence of toxicity of metals on the two cell lines, was as follows: Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+ > Pb2+, respectively. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity showed good correlation with the published in vivo toxicity data of these metals on fishes. Finally, the comparison and correlation between the two in vitro techniques, and between the sensitivity of the two tested cell line have been done.
Acute toxicity of fuit extracts from Melia azedarach L. in rats. Maria c. Carpinella, Susana Fulginiti, Sergio Britos, Maria M. Oviedo, Ruben A. Alonso and Sara M. Palacios.
Summary: Fruit extracts from Paraiso (Melia azedarach L.) showing insecticidal and antimicotic activity, are potencial natural pesticides. The fruit is considered to be toxic, and in order to establish this, the LD50 was determined. Oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity of extracts from complete fruits were evaluated on rats. Oral administration of up to 16 g of extract/kg of rat did not cause any significant behavioural modifications, morbidity or mortality. However, an intraperitoneal LD50 of 1.03 g of extract/kg was obtained. In the latter study animals showed piloerection, hypothermia, dispnoea, and for the highest concentration, episodic convultions and death. For the orally treated animals, hystopathological analysis of all examined organs, revealed a normal structure. In the intraperitoneal study, the only directly affected organ was the lung which showed an increase in the mucous secretion of the epithelial cells of the bronchial lining, as well as muscle fragmentation, and a dense inflamatory infiltration around the bronchi and bronchioles causing a folicular bronchioectasic lesion with a reactive centre.
Key words: Melia azedarach, Paraiso, LD50.
Detection system development of xenobiotics compounds in waste water. Priority pollutants extraction by several solid phases. Fernández C; Agrelo M.; Martín-Otero L.; Castaño A.
Summary: Chemical characterization of complex effluents involves special problems. In order to solve these problems, synergism between chemical and biological techniques is required. The compatibility of both is difficult, because most of organic solvent, and its evaporation residues, exhibits high toxicity. A completely toxicological assessment of an unknown sample is required to avoid this problem.According to this situation, this study focused on developing optimal evaporation conditions, to minimize the toxicity of organic evaporation residues, quantifying loses of most volatile toxics. In order to perform SPE procedures and to develop a standard operational procedure to chemical and biological assessment of waste water samples, several stationary phases (tC18, OASIS, Amberlite XAD-4) were studied. Validation procedures were performed using six toxics (Naphthalene, Anthracene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, Fenthion, benzo(a)pyrene and 2,4-dichlorophenol) covering a broad range of physic-chemical properties. Similar vehaviour was showed by tC18 and OASIS cartridges. The higher capacity and the interaction with organic polar compounds, sugest an attractive alternative to traditional alkylsilica based SPE cartridges for the analysis of aqueous samples for organic pollutants. On the other hand, XAD resins can generally be reused several times, making them an economical choice, especially if one takes into consideration the cost of bonded-phase cartridges.
Key words: Solid phase extraction (SPE), toxicity test, OASIS, Amberlite XAD-4, Daphnia magna, RTG2 cytotoxicity test.
Inventory of the Spanish Institutions and Scientists Involved in Alternatives to the use of Laboratory Animals (Refinement, Reduction or Replacement). Guillermo Repetto*, Ana del Peso, Manuel Salguero y Manuel Repetto

Summary: An integrated approach to evaluate the use of alternative methods to laboratory animals among Spanish researchers was used, which included the number of scientific articles, the grants approved, the number of laboratory animals used, and interviews and surveys by the researchers. Most Spanish regions have not been able to implement the Spanish legislation that requires animal experiments only be carried out by competent people on registered establishments, and replaced whenever possible. Ethical committees and the adequate preparation of researchers and technicians should be promoted, and all research grants should require the commitment of researchers to comply with the cited legislation. Spanish scientific production in alternative approaches is only 2.13 % of the overall international production. Moreover, the total Spanish investment in R&D should be increased, from the 0.85 % of the Gross Domestic Product of 1997, to reach at least the European median (1.9 %). The objectives and research tasks included in the National Programme of Health should be revised, and the industry should be asked to fund specific grants for alternatives. Different activities have been organized to promote alternative methods, including the creation of new entities (GEFTIV, ICLAS/CSIC-WGCM, GTEMA y REMA), with the aid of internet network communication (3ERRES- GTEMA). A good and effective connection with ECVAM (European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods) is necessary for joint European action pro-alternatives. A substancial number of Spanish groups interested in alternatives were identified (98), 75 very competitive, with more than 339 scientists involved, being their data included in the report.
Key words: Spain, alternative methods, experimentatión, researchers, in vitro, review, inventory.