Inflectional endings
Pronunciation of inflectional ending of past and past participle of regular verbs
In the Phonology chapter we looked at alveolar stops: /t/ and /d/. These are very important as they play a major part in the pronunciation of past endings in English. What follows is an explanation of their role followed by exercises.
1) -ed is pronounced /d/ if the suffix is preceded by a voiced consonant (except /d/) or a vowel.
|
b |
grabbed |
m |
summed |
aɪ |
died |
|
g |
hugged |
ŋ |
hanged |
eɪ |
played |
|
v |
lived |
i |
pitied |
ɔɪ |
cloyed |
|
ð |
breathed |
ə |
bothered |
əʊ |
flowed |
|
z |
gazed |
iː |
freed |
au |
ploughed |
|
ʒ |
rouged |
uː |
sued |
ɪə |
feared |
|
dʒ |
dodged |
ɜː |
erred |
eə |
fared |
|
l |
called |
ɑː |
barred |
ʊə |
moored |
|
n |
tinned |
ɔː |
bored |
|
|
2) If the suffix -ed is preceded by a voiceless consonant (except /t/) it is pronounced /t/:
|
p |
taped |
ʃ |
wished |
|
k |
raked |
tʃ |
watched |
|
f |
laughed |
l |
called |
|
θ |
unearthed |
n |
tinned |
|
s |
kissed |
|
|
3) If the verb ends in /t/or /d/ the suffix is pronounced [ɪd]
|
t |
rated |
courted |
coated |
tainted |
|
d |
ended |
loaded |
landed |
faded |