RF–Optical
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

An optical experimental approach for emulating the directional behavior of RF beamforming

This application supports the experimental study of selected observable characteristics of a directional radio-frequency beam generated through beamforming. The optical platform is not intended to reproduce RF electromagnetic propagation or energy transfer. Instead, it provides an experimentally accessible representation of the angular distribution and equivalent received-power behavior relevant to wireless energy harvesting and energy management.

ESP32 optical emitter LDR ESP32-C3 directed optical beam receiver position and orientation are varied experimentally

1 · Calibrate

Angular measurements are fitted with a Gaussian model. The measured maximum at each distance is related to the RF reference power obtained from the mathematical beamforming model.

2 · Establish correspondence

The calibrated relationship is PRF = PTX α ADCβ. The parameters α and β are obtained with the same logarithmic fitting criterion used in the reference Python procedure.

3 · Validate

A new measurement is characterized using its own optical floor. The angular pattern is normalized while preserving its measured peak, converted into equivalent optical power, and compared with the RF reference distribution.

Key idea. Illumination conditions may change between measurement sessions. The experimental test therefore estimates the session-specific floor B, removes it, and rescales the angular response so that its maximum remains the measured ADC maximum.

Calibrator

Estimate the RF–optical correspondence from the calibration measurements.

CSV
Drop calibration CSV hereor click to browseRequired: an angle/angulo column and distance columns such as 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m.
RF–optical correspondence
PRF = PTX α ADCβ

The fit uses the reference logarithmic criterion: ln(PRF,max/PTX) = ln(α) + β ln(ADCmax).

Experimental Test

Apply the stored calibration to a new angular measurement under its own illumination conditions.

CSV
Drop test CSV hereor click to browseRequired: an angle/angulo column and one ADC measurement column.

Device & Code

The device diagrams are shown here. The actual transmitter and receiver firmware will be added later.

Optical Transmitter

Optical transmitter circuit diagram
Firmware pending.

Optical Receiver

Optical receiver circuit diagram
Firmware pending.

Experimental Data

Download the measured CSV files associated with the experimental study. The archive is organized into calibration measurements and individual experimental tests.

Data archive

The files on this page are the original measurement data used with the optical experimental platform. They are provided separately from the processed results so that the measurements can be inspected, reused, and reproduced independently.

Data organization. Calibration files contain the angular measurements for the selected TX–RX distances. Test files contain individual angular measurements acquired under specific experimental conditions.

Calibration measurements

1 file

Calibration measurements

Original angular measurements used to obtain the RF–optical correspondence.

data/calibration/cal.csv
Download CSV

Experimental tests

6 files

Experimental test E1

Original measured data for experimental test E1.

data/tests/E1.csv
Download CSV

Experimental test E2

Original measured data for experimental test E2.

data/tests/E2.csv
Download CSV

Experimental test E3

Original measured data for experimental test E3.

data/tests/E3.csv
Download CSV

Experimental test E4

Original measured data for experimental test E4.

data/tests/E4.csv
Download CSV

Experimental test E5

Original measured data for experimental test E5.

data/tests/E5.csv
Download CSV

Experimental test E6

Original measured data for experimental test E6.

data/tests/E6.csv
Download CSV

About the files

CSV files are provided as measured, without replacing the original angular samples with fitted or synthetic values. Processed data generated by the Calibrator and Experimental Test pages can be downloaded directly from their corresponding graphs.