Unattested.- you know nothing of a language during a period because there is nothing written, there is no evidence.

Trigger.- poner en uso, ‘that sound change is not actually triggered’.

Feasible.- factible

Stills.- fotogramas

Trace.- comprender ‘sociolinguists attempt to trace by their quantitative methods’.

Equate.- equiparar, comparer ‘scholars in the past may sometimes have equated phonetic gradualness with social gradualness’.

Striking.- chocante, llamativo ‘the difficulties with Bloomfield’s assumptions here are very striking’.

Otiose.- superfluo ‘regular sound change and borrowing is otiose’.

Come about.- suceder ‘these sound patterns do not come about through blind necessity’.

Layperson.- non expert, politically correct

Thinking outside the box.- inventing, not in usual way, lateral thinking, go beyond.

As it were.- como si dijéramos

Scared words.- ‘error s’ (ironically)

Interlanguage.- somewhere between English and Spanish, no-no words

Genetic tree theory.- branching off

Ancestor language.- parent language, Latin.

Daughter languages.- Spanish, Italian, etc. respect to Latin

Sister languages.- with respect to themselves, Spanish, Italian

Language family.- parents + daughters

Grate vowel shift.- gran cambio vocálico

Ablaut.- changes in the root vowel g i v e n

Analogy.- language internal reconstruction – partes perdidas de una lengua en el tiempo.

Posite.- suggest an idea

Iconic.- onomatopeyic words. Relation between the word and the referee.

Come across.- recordar una palabra.

It’s a cinch.- está chupado

Lenisization.- debilitamiento

Lost cause. – caso perdido

Upperly mobile.- subir en la escala social

To wax.- grow/become

Trespas.- bad actions

Deliver.- safe us in OE

Scholar.- erudite, grate wisdom

Sun dial.- reloj de sol

Diglosia.- two languages coexist

Mongrel language.- the low one

Look down upon.- mal visto

Bawdy literature.-erotic, vulgar

Budgering me.- su insistencia

Ask away.- pregunta!

Stone’s throw.- a tiro de piedra

Brethern.- monks

God figure.- Vete a saber!

Calque.- traducción, evangelio-godspell ; saque de esquina-corner, Se haliga gast- the holy ghost

Pidgin.- a simplified language for trading purposes.

Mutter.- farfullar

Ben.- mountain OE

Crag- prominent road OE

Glen.- valley OE

Loch.- lake OE

Och I.- ya ya

Badger.- tejón

Peat.- turba

Brods.- lagos, canals conectados de donde sacaron la turba

Dun.- dark color

Binn.- basket

Whitby.- by village

Beck.- stream, river .- Creek - river in America

Synchronic .- focused on states of language at given times as finite entities.

Historical or diachronic.- comparing these finite states of language at different times.

Stills.- fotogramas

Scare quotes.- errors (ironically)

Liken.- comparer, ver las semejanzas