Datos sobre lagos de España

Autor/a
Afiliación

Lucía Segado García

Universidad de Valencia

Fecha de publicación

30 de marzo de 2025

Este proyecto tiene como objetivo obtener, limpiar y optimizar un conjunto de datos espaciales sobre cuevas en España. Se utilizan fuentes abiertas, concretamente OpenStreetMap, para recopilar la información y se aplican técnicas de procesamiento geoespacial para garantizar que los datos sean precisos y útiles para análisis geográficos.

Input

Una vez se han cargado los paquetes correspondientes, se procede a obtener un conjunto de datos sobre las cuevas de España. Utilizando la plataforma OpenStreetMap (OSM), que proporciona datos geoespaciales de forma abierta, podemos obtener la información. Esta práctica también tiene en cuenta las irregularidades que puedan aparecer en los datos debido a la naturaleza colaborativa de OSM, donde la precisión y la consistencia de los datos pueden variar.

Primero se define el área de España utilizando mapSpain y se obtiene su bounding box para limitar la búsqueda.

libs <- c("tidyverse", "sf", "mapSpain", "osmdata", "ggspatial")
installed_libs <- libs %in% rownames(installed.packages())
if (any(installed_libs == F)) {install.packages(libs[!installed_libs])}
invisible(lapply(libs, library, character.only = T))
Warning: package 'purrr' was built under R version 4.4.3
── Attaching core tidyverse packages ──────────────────────── tidyverse 2.0.0 ──
✔ dplyr     1.1.4     ✔ readr     2.1.5
✔ forcats   1.0.0     ✔ stringr   1.5.1
✔ ggplot2   3.5.1     ✔ tibble    3.2.1
✔ lubridate 1.9.4     ✔ tidyr     1.3.1
✔ purrr     1.0.4     
── Conflicts ────────────────────────────────────────── tidyverse_conflicts() ──
✖ dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
✖ dplyr::lag()    masks stats::lag()
ℹ Use the conflicted package (<http://conflicted.r-lib.org/>) to force all conflicts to become errors
Linking to GEOS 3.12.2, GDAL 3.9.3, PROJ 9.4.1; sf_use_s2() is TRUE

Data (c) OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL 1.0. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
rm(libs, installed_libs)
library("leaflet")
library("sf")
library("dplyr")
Spain <- mapSpain::esp_get_country()
bbox_spain <- sf::st_bbox(Spain)
spain <- st_transform(Spain, crs = 4326)

Una vez seleccionada la zona de interés, se obtienen los datos correspondientes a las cuevas de España. Usamos OSM para obtener estos datos y nos aseguramos de que las geometrías sean válidas.

q3 <- bbox_spain %>%
  osmdata::opq(timeout = 7200) %>%
  osmdata::add_osm_feature("natural", "cave_entrance")

cueva <- osmdata_sf(q3)
cueva_pol <- cueva$osm_polygons
cueva_spain_pol <- st_intersection(cueva_pol, spain)
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
summary(cueva$osm_points)  # Revisa los puntos de cuevas
    osm_id              name           abandoned:man_made    access         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 access:date_off    access:date_on      addr:city         addr:country      
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 addr:housenumber    addr:place        addr:postcode      addr:street       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   alt_name          alt_name1         alt_name:ca        alt_name:en       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 alt_name:es        alt_name:eu        alt_name:oc         alt_name_1       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   amenity           apparition        archaeological_site    b5m:id         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012        Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character    Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character  
   b5m:url          b5m:urlOrto          barrier          bic:criteria      
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 bic:inscription_date     boat             boundary           building        
 Length:10012         Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   capacity             cave           cave:access         cave:depth       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 cave:difficulty    cave:equipment     cave:features      cave:length       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 cave:passage         cave:ref         cave:ref:ES:ADES    cave:size        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 cave:through_trip  cave_entrance:horizontal    charge         
 Length:10012       Length:10012             Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character         Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character         Mode  :character  
  check_date          climbing         climbing:bolted   
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 climbing:grade:french:max climbing:grade:french:mean climbing:grade:french:min
 Length:10012              Length:10012               Length:10012             
 Class :character          Class :character           Class :character         
 Mode  :character          Mode  :character           Mode  :character         
 climbing:orientation climbing:rock      climbing:sport      collapsed        
 Length:10012         Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 contact:email      contact:phone      contact:website      content         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 dance:style        denomination          depth           description       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 description:ca     description:en     description:fr     description:he    
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 description:hu      direction           disused              ele           
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
    email             entrance             fee               fixme          
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
     fold            geological        geological:site       hazard         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
    height            heritage         heritage:operator  heritage:ref      
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 heritage:since     heritage:website   heritage:website:arqueologia
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012                
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character            
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character            
 heritage:website:sipa   historic         historic:civilization
 Length:10012          Length:10012       Length:10012         
 Class :character      Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character      Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
 historic:description:fr historic:era       historic:fr       
 Length:10012            Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character        Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character        Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 historic:period        hole              image            importance       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 information        inscription          int_name           landuse         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   leisure             length            loc_name         loc_name:es       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   location            locked            man_made          mapillary        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 mappinggroup       memorial:conflict  memorial:conflict:wikidata
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012              
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character          
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character          
 mhs:inscription_date  motorcycle          name:an            name:ar         
 Length:10012         Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:arq           name:ast           name:az            name:be         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:bg            name:bn            name:ca            name:cs         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:cy            name:da            name:de            name:el         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:en            name:eo            name:es            name:et         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:eu            name:fa            name:fi            name:fr         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:gl            name:he            name:hr            name:hu         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:hy            name:it            name:ja            name:ka         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:kk            name:ko            name:lb            name:lv         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:mzn           name:nl            name:no            name:oc         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:pl            name:pt            name:ro            name:ru         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   name:uk            name:ur            natural              note          
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
    note1              note2             note:ca            note:en         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
    note_2             note_3          official_name        old_name        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 opening_hours        operator         payment:cards      payment:cash      
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 payment:contactless payment:credit_cards payment:mastercard payment:visa      
 Length:10012        Length:10012         Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character    Class :character     Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character    Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
  petroglyph           phone            pilgrimage        pilgrimage:origin 
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
    place            profondeur        protection_title  
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 protection_title:category protection_title:es protection_title:gl
 Length:10012              Length:10012        Length:10012       
 Class :character          Class :character    Class :character   
 Mode  :character          Mode  :character    Mode  :character   
     ref              ref:DOCV          ref:EUNIS           ref:IGN         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   ref:bic            ref:cns           ref:coord           ref:dgpc        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   ref:ipa            ref:mhs            ref:news         ref:refuges.info  
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 ref:topografia       reg_name         related_law          religion        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 reservation          resource            ruins           scuba_diving:divespot
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
  settlement        shelter_type        short_name          sinkhole        
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 site_status        sorting_name          source          source:date       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 source:heritage    source:name        source:name:eu     source:name:oc    
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
  source:ref         source:url         source_ref           sport          
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
  start_date        subject:wikipedia    surface          survey:date       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
     sym            toilets:wheelchair     tomb             tourism         
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 traffic_calming        url              verified            water          
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   waterway           website           wheelchair       
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 wheelchair:description    width             wikidata        
 Length:10012           Length:10012       Length:10012      
 Class :character       Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 wikimedia_commons   wikipedia         wikipedia:fr                geometry    
 Length:10012       Length:10012       Length:10012       POINT        :10012  
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   epsg:4326    :    0  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   +proj=long...:    0  
summary(cueva$osm_polygons)  
    osm_id              name              access            alt_name        
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   amenity          archaeological_site   building         denomination      
 Length:38          Length:38           Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character    Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 description        description:en     description:es         ele           
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
     fee             geological           height            historic        
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
 historic:civilization historic:era       historic:period       layer          
 Length:38             Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character      Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character      Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   man_made           name:ca            name:en            name:es         
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   natural          payment:cash         religion            source         
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
   tourism            wikidata         wikimedia_commons   wikipedia        
 Length:38          Length:38          Length:38          Length:38         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
          geometry 
 POLYGON      :38  
 epsg:4326    : 0  
 +proj=long...: 0  
q2_test <- osmdata::opq(bbox = bbox_spain, timeout = 1200) %>%
  osmdata::add_osm_feature("natural", "cave") %>%
  osmdata::osmdata_sf()  # Esto también incluiría las cuevas en otros formatos
cueva_combinados <- bind_rows(cueva$osm_points, q2_test$osm_points)

cueva_puntos_espana <- st_intersection(cueva$osm_points, spain)
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
cueva_puntos_limpios <- cueva_puntos_espana %>%
  mutate(name = ifelse(is.na(name), "Cueva Desconocida", str_to_title(str_trim(name))))
st_write(cueva_puntos_limpios, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.geojson", delete_dsn = TRUE)
st_write(cueva_puntos_limpios, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.shp", delete_layer = TRUE)
summary(cueva_puntos_limpios)
    osm_id              name           abandoned.man_made    access         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 access.date_off    access.date_on      addr.city         addr.country      
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 addr.housenumber    addr.place        addr.postcode      addr.street       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   alt_name          alt_name1         alt_name.ca        alt_name.en       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 alt_name.es        alt_name.eu        alt_name.oc         alt_name_1       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   amenity           apparition        archaeological_site    b5m.id         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050         Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character    Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character  
                                                                             
                                                                             
                                                                             
   b5m.url          b5m.urlOrto          barrier          bic.criteria      
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 bic.inscription_date     boat             boundary           building        
 Length:8050          Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              
   capacity             cave           cave.access         cave.depth       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 cave.difficulty    cave.equipment     cave.features      cave.length       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 cave.passage         cave.ref         cave.ref.ES.ADES    cave.size        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 cave.through_trip  cave_entrance.horizontal    charge         
 Length:8050        Length:8050              Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character         Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character         Mode  :character  
                                                               
                                                               
                                                               
  check_date          climbing         climbing.bolted   
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 climbing.grade.french.max climbing.grade.french.mean climbing.grade.french.min
 Length:8050               Length:8050                Length:8050              
 Class :character          Class :character           Class :character         
 Mode  :character          Mode  :character           Mode  :character         
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
 climbing.orientation climbing.rock      climbing.sport      collapsed        
 Length:8050          Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              
 contact.email      contact.phone      contact.website      content         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 dance.style        denomination          depth           description       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 description.ca     description.en     description.fr     description.he    
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 description.hu      direction           disused              ele           
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    email             entrance             fee               fixme          
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
     fold            geological        geological.site       hazard         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    height            heritage         heritage.operator  heritage.ref      
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 heritage.since     heritage.website   heritage.website.arqueologia
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050                 
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character            
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character            
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
 heritage.website.sipa   historic         historic.civilization
 Length:8050           Length:8050        Length:8050          
 Class :character      Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character      Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
                                                               
                                                               
                                                               
 historic.description.fr historic.era       historic.fr       
 Length:8050             Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character        Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character        Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                              
                                                              
                                                              
 historic.period        hole              image            importance       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 information        inscription          int_name           landuse         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   leisure             length            loc_name         loc_name.es       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   location            locked            man_made          mapillary        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 mappinggroup       memorial.conflict  memorial.conflict.wikidata
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050               
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character          
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character          
                                                                 
                                                                 
                                                                 
 mhs.inscription_date  motorcycle          name.an            name.ar         
 Length:8050          Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              
   name.arq           name.ast           name.az            name.be         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.bg            name.bn            name.ca            name.cs         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.cy            name.da            name.de            name.el         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.en            name.eo            name.es            name.et         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.eu            name.fa            name.fi            name.fr         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.gl            name.he            name.hr            name.hu         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.hy            name.it            name.ja            name.ka         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.kk            name.ko            name.lb            name.lv         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.mzn           name.nl            name.no            name.oc         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.pl            name.pt            name.ro            name.ru         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.uk            name.ur            natural              note          
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    note1              note2             note.ca            note.en         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    note_2             note_3          official_name        old_name        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 opening_hours        operator         payment.cards      payment.cash      
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 payment.contactless payment.credit_cards payment.mastercard payment.visa      
 Length:8050         Length:8050          Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character    Class :character     Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character    Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
  petroglyph           phone            pilgrimage        pilgrimage.origin 
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    place            profondeur        protection_title  
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 protection_title.category protection_title.es protection_title.gl
 Length:8050               Length:8050         Length:8050        
 Class :character          Class :character    Class :character   
 Mode  :character          Mode  :character    Mode  :character   
                                                                  
                                                                  
                                                                  
     ref              ref.DOCV          ref.EUNIS           ref.IGN         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   ref.bic            ref.cns           ref.coord           ref.dgpc        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   ref.ipa            ref.mhs            ref.news         ref.refuges.info  
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 ref.topografia       reg_name         related_law          religion        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 reservation          resource            ruins           scuba_diving.divespot
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050          
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
  settlement        shelter_type        short_name          sinkhole        
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 site_status        sorting_name          source          source.date       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 source.heritage    source.name        source.name.eu     source.name.oc    
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  source.ref         source.url         source_ref           sport          
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  start_date        subject.wikipedia    surface          survey.date       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
     sym            toilets.wheelchair     tomb             tourism         
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 traffic_calming        url              verified            water          
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   waterway           website           wheelchair       
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 wheelchair.description    width             wikidata        
 Length:8050            Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character       Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character       Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                             
                                                             
                                                             
 wikimedia_commons   wikipedia         wikipedia.fr         LEVL_CODE
 Length:8050        Length:8050        Length:8050        Min.   :0  
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0  
                                                          Mean   :0  
                                                          3rd Qu.:0  
                                                          Max.   :0  
   NUTS_ID            URBN_TYPE  CNTR_CODE          NAME_LATN        
 Length:8050        Min.   :0   Length:8050        Length:8050       
 Class :character   1st Qu.:0   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Median :0   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                    Mean   :0                                        
                    3rd Qu.:0                                        
                    Max.   :0                                        
  NUTS_NAME           MOUNT_TYPE   COAST_TYPE     FID           
 Length:8050        Min.   :0    Min.   :0    Length:8050       
 Class :character   1st Qu.:0    1st Qu.:0    Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Median :0    Median :0    Mode  :character  
                    Mean   :0    Mean   :0                      
                    3rd Qu.:0    3rd Qu.:0                      
                    Max.   :0    Max.   :0                      
          geometry   
 POINT        :8050  
 epsg:4326    :   0  
 +proj=long...:   0  
                     
                     
                     

Descripción y Tratamiento

Los datos de las cuevas pueden contener geometrías duplicadas, especialmente cuando algunas cuevas son representadas tanto como puntos como polígonos. Para evitar duplicados, usamos bind_rows para combinar las diferentes capas de datos (puntos y polígonos).

cueva_pnt <- cueva$osm_points
cueva_pp <- bind_rows(cueva_pol, cueva_pnt)
cueva_spain_dup <- st_intersection(cueva_pp, spain)
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries

El resultado de este paso es un conjunto de datos más completo, que ahora incluye todas las geometrías relevantes (polígonos y puntos) y elimina duplicados.

NA’s

Los datos de OSM pueden tener valores faltantes (NA) en algunos de los atributos, como el nombre de las cuevas. Para abordar esto, se asigna un valor predeterminado, como “Cueva Desconocida”, a aquellos registros donde el nombre esté vacío.

cueva_ed <- cueva_spain_dup %>%
  mutate(name = ifelse(is.na(name), "Cueva Desconocida", name))
cueva_spain_na <- st_intersection(cueva_ed, spain)
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries

Al asignar un valor a los NA’s en los nombres de las cuevas, se asegura que no haya datos vacíos en el conjunto de datos.

Normalización de Atributos

Debido a la naturaleza abierta de OSM, los nombres de las cuevas pueden aparecer en diferentes formatos (por ejemplo, mayúsculas, minúsculas, con espacios adicionales, etc.). Para garantizar que todos los nombres estén en un formato uniforme y sin errores de formato, realizamos una normalización de los nombres.

# Normalización de atributos
cueva_ed <- cueva_spain_na %>%
  mutate(
    # Eliminar espacios extra al principio y al final de los valores
    name = str_trim(name), 
    
    # Convertir los nombres a formato título (mayúscula en la primera letra de cada palabra)
    name = str_to_title(name),
    
    # Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'natural' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente
    natural = ifelse(is.na(natural), "Cueva Desconocida", str_trim(str_to_title(natural))),
    
    # Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'amenity' tenga un valor consistente
    amenity = ifelse(is.na(amenity), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(amenity))),
    
    # Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'tourism' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente
    tourism = ifelse(is.na(tourism), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(tourism))),
    
    # Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'description' tenga un valor consistente
    description = ifelse(is.na(description), "Descripción No Disponible", str_trim(description)),
    
    # Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'source' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente
    source = ifelse(is.na(source), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(source))),
    
    # Normalizamos el atributo 'wikidata', si existe
    wikidata = ifelse(is.na(wikidata), "No Disponible", str_trim(wikidata))
  )

# Ver los resultados de la normalización
summary(cueva_ed)
    osm_id              name              access            alt_name        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   amenity          archaeological_site   building         denomination      
 Length:8078        Length:8078         Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character    Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                             
                                                                             
                                                                             
 description        description.en     description.es         ele           
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
     fee             geological           height            historic        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 historic.civilization historic.era       historic.period       layer          
 Length:8078           Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character      Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character      Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
   man_made           name.ca            name.en            name.es         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   natural          payment.cash         religion            source         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   tourism            wikidata         wikimedia_commons   wikipedia        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 abandoned.man_made access.date_off    access.date_on      addr.city        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 addr.country       addr.housenumber    addr.place        addr.postcode     
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 addr.street         alt_name1         alt_name.ca        alt_name.en       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 alt_name.es        alt_name.eu        alt_name.oc         alt_name_1       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  apparition           b5m.id            b5m.url          b5m.urlOrto       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   barrier          bic.criteria       bic.inscription_date     boat          
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078          Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     Mode  :character  
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              
   boundary           capacity             cave           cave.access       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  cave.depth        cave.difficulty    cave.equipment     cave.features     
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 cave.length        cave.passage         cave.ref         cave.ref.ES.ADES  
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  cave.size         cave.through_trip  cave_entrance.horizontal
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078             
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character        
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character        
                                                               
                                                               
                                                               
    charge           check_date          climbing         climbing.bolted   
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 climbing.grade.french.max climbing.grade.french.mean climbing.grade.french.min
 Length:8078               Length:8078                Length:8078              
 Class :character          Class :character           Class :character         
 Mode  :character          Mode  :character           Mode  :character         
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
 climbing.orientation climbing.rock      climbing.sport      collapsed        
 Length:8078          Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character     Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character     Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                              
                                                                              
                                                                              
 contact.email      contact.phone      contact.website      content         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 dance.style           depth           description.ca     description.fr    
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 description.he     description.hu      direction           disused         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    email             entrance            fixme               fold          
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 geological.site       hazard            heritage         heritage.operator 
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 heritage.ref       heritage.since     heritage.website  
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                         
                                                         
                                                         
 heritage.website.arqueologia heritage.website.sipa historic.description.fr
 Length:8078                  Length:8078           Length:8078            
 Class :character             Class :character      Class :character       
 Mode  :character             Mode  :character      Mode  :character       
                                                                           
                                                                           
                                                                           
 historic.fr            hole              image            importance       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 information        inscription          int_name           landuse         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   leisure             length            loc_name         loc_name.es       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   location            locked           mapillary         mappinggroup      
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 memorial.conflict  memorial.conflict.wikidata mhs.inscription_date
 Length:8078        Length:8078                Length:8078         
 Class :character   Class :character           Class :character    
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character           Mode  :character    
                                                                   
                                                                   
                                                                   
  motorcycle          name.an            name.ar            name.arq        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.ast           name.az            name.be            name.bg         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.bn            name.cs            name.cy            name.da         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.de            name.el            name.eo            name.et         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.eu            name.fa            name.fi            name.fr         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.gl            name.he            name.hr            name.hu         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.hy            name.it            name.ja            name.ka         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.kk            name.ko            name.lb            name.lv         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.mzn           name.nl            name.no            name.oc         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.pl            name.pt            name.ro            name.ru         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   name.uk            name.ur              note              note1          
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    note2             note.ca            note.en             note_2         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
    note_3          official_name        old_name         opening_hours     
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   operator         payment.cards      payment.contactless payment.credit_cards
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078         Length:8078         
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character    Class :character    
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character    Mode  :character    
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
 payment.mastercard payment.visa        petroglyph           phone          
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  pilgrimage        pilgrimage.origin     place            profondeur       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 protection_title   protection_title.category protection_title.es
 Length:8078        Length:8078               Length:8078        
 Class :character   Class :character          Class :character   
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character          Mode  :character   
                                                                 
                                                                 
                                                                 
 protection_title.gl     ref              ref.DOCV          ref.EUNIS        
 Length:8078         Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character    Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character    Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                             
                                                                             
                                                                             
   ref.IGN            ref.bic            ref.cns           ref.coord        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   ref.dgpc           ref.ipa            ref.mhs            ref.news        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 ref.refuges.info   ref.topografia       reg_name         related_law       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 reservation          resource            ruins           scuba_diving.divespot
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078          
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character     
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character     
                                                                               
                                                                               
                                                                               
  settlement        shelter_type        short_name          sinkhole        
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 site_status        sorting_name       source.date        source.heritage   
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 source.name        source.name.eu     source.name.oc      source.ref       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  source.url         source_ref           sport            start_date       
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 subject.wikipedia    surface          survey.date            sym           
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
 toilets.wheelchair     tomb           traffic_calming        url           
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
   verified            water             waterway           website         
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character  
                                                                            
                                                                            
                                                                            
  wheelchair        wheelchair.description    width          
 Length:8078        Length:8078            Length:8078       
 Class :character   Class :character       Class :character  
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character       Mode  :character  
                                                             
                                                             
                                                             
 wikipedia.fr         LEVL_CODE   NUTS_ID            URBN_TYPE
 Length:8078        Min.   :0   Length:8078        Min.   :0  
 Class :character   1st Qu.:0   Class :character   1st Qu.:0  
 Mode  :character   Median :0   Mode  :character   Median :0  
                    Mean   :0                      Mean   :0  
                    3rd Qu.:0                      3rd Qu.:0  
                    Max.   :0                      Max.   :0  
  CNTR_CODE          NAME_LATN          NUTS_NAME           MOUNT_TYPE
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Min.   :0   
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0   
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0   
                                                          Mean   :0   
                                                          3rd Qu.:0   
                                                          Max.   :0   
   COAST_TYPE     FID             LEVL_CODE.1  NUTS_ID.1          URBN_TYPE.1
 Min.   :0    Length:8078        Min.   :0    Length:8078        Min.   :0   
 1st Qu.:0    Class :character   1st Qu.:0    Class :character   1st Qu.:0   
 Median :0    Mode  :character   Median :0    Mode  :character   Median :0   
 Mean   :0                       Mean   :0                       Mean   :0   
 3rd Qu.:0                       3rd Qu.:0                       3rd Qu.:0   
 Max.   :0                       Max.   :0                       Max.   :0   
 CNTR_CODE.1        NAME_LATN.1        NUTS_NAME.1         MOUNT_TYPE.1
 Length:8078        Length:8078        Length:8078        Min.   :0    
 Class :character   Class :character   Class :character   1st Qu.:0    
 Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Mode  :character   Median :0    
                                                          Mean   :0    
                                                          3rd Qu.:0    
                                                          Max.   :0    
  COAST_TYPE.1    FID.1                    geometry   
 Min.   :0     Length:8078        POINT        :8050  
 1st Qu.:0     Class :character   POLYGON      :  28  
 Median :0     Mode  :character   epsg:4326    :   0  
 Mean   :0                        +proj=long...:   0  
 3rd Qu.:0                                            
 Max.   :0                                            

Este paso limpia y normaliza los nombres de los lagos, asegurando que todos estén en el formato adecuado y sin errores de formato.

# Guardar el archivo Shapefile después de renombrar las columnas
st_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.shp", delete_layer = TRUE)

# Guardar en formato GeoJSON
st_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.geojson", delete_dsn = TRUE)

El/los fichero(s) generados con este procedimiento/técnica/metodología se puede(n) descargar de aquí.



Proyectos de Innovación Educativa Emergente PIEE-2737007 y PIEE-3325394