Este proyecto tiene como objetivo obtener, limpiar y optimizar un conjunto de datos espaciales sobre cuevas en España. Se utilizan fuentes abiertas, concretamente OpenStreetMap, para recopilar la información y se aplican técnicas de procesamiento geoespacial para garantizar que los datos sean precisos y útiles para análisis geográficos.
Input
Una vez se han cargado los paquetes correspondientes, se procede a obtener un conjunto de datos sobre las cuevas de España. Utilizando la plataforma OpenStreetMap (OSM), que proporciona datos geoespaciales de forma abierta, podemos obtener la información. Esta práctica también tiene en cuenta las irregularidades que puedan aparecer en los datos debido a la naturaleza colaborativa de OSM, donde la precisión y la consistencia de los datos pueden variar.
Primero se define el área de España utilizando mapSpain y se obtiene su bounding box para limitar la búsqueda.
Una vez seleccionada la zona de interés, se obtienen los datos correspondientes a las cuevas de España. Usamos OSM para obtener estos datos y nos aseguramos de que las geometrías sean válidas.
osm_id name access alt_name
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
amenity archaeological_site building denomination
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
description description:en description:es ele
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
fee geological height historic
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
historic:civilization historic:era historic:period layer
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
man_made name:ca name:en name:es
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
natural payment:cash religion source
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
tourism wikidata wikimedia_commons wikipedia
Length:38 Length:38 Length:38 Length:38
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
geometry
POLYGON :38
epsg:4326 : 0
+proj=long...: 0
q2_test<-osmdata::opq(bbox =bbox_spain, timeout =1200)%>%osmdata::add_osm_feature("natural", "cave")%>%osmdata::osmdata_sf()# Esto también incluiría las cuevas en otros formatos
osm_id name abandoned.man_made access
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
access.date_off access.date_on addr.city addr.country
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
addr.housenumber addr.place addr.postcode addr.street
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
alt_name alt_name1 alt_name.ca alt_name.en
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
alt_name.es alt_name.eu alt_name.oc alt_name_1
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
amenity apparition archaeological_site b5m.id
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
b5m.url b5m.urlOrto barrier bic.criteria
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
bic.inscription_date boat boundary building
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
capacity cave cave.access cave.depth
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.difficulty cave.equipment cave.features cave.length
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.passage cave.ref cave.ref.ES.ADES cave.size
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.through_trip cave_entrance.horizontal charge
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
check_date climbing climbing.bolted
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
climbing.grade.french.max climbing.grade.french.mean climbing.grade.french.min
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
climbing.orientation climbing.rock climbing.sport collapsed
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
contact.email contact.phone contact.website content
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
dance.style denomination depth description
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
description.ca description.en description.fr description.he
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
description.hu direction disused ele
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
email entrance fee fixme
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
fold geological geological.site hazard
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
height heritage heritage.operator heritage.ref
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
heritage.since heritage.website heritage.website.arqueologia
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
heritage.website.sipa historic historic.civilization
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
historic.description.fr historic.era historic.fr
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
historic.period hole image importance
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
information inscription int_name landuse
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
leisure length loc_name loc_name.es
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
location locked man_made mapillary
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
mappinggroup memorial.conflict memorial.conflict.wikidata
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
mhs.inscription_date motorcycle name.an name.ar
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.arq name.ast name.az name.be
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.bg name.bn name.ca name.cs
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.cy name.da name.de name.el
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.en name.eo name.es name.et
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.eu name.fa name.fi name.fr
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.gl name.he name.hr name.hu
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.hy name.it name.ja name.ka
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.kk name.ko name.lb name.lv
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.mzn name.nl name.no name.oc
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.pl name.pt name.ro name.ru
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.uk name.ur natural note
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note1 note2 note.ca note.en
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note_2 note_3 official_name old_name
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
opening_hours operator payment.cards payment.cash
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
payment.contactless payment.credit_cards payment.mastercard payment.visa
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
petroglyph phone pilgrimage pilgrimage.origin
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
place profondeur protection_title
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
protection_title.category protection_title.es protection_title.gl
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref ref.DOCV ref.EUNIS ref.IGN
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.bic ref.cns ref.coord ref.dgpc
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.ipa ref.mhs ref.news ref.refuges.info
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.topografia reg_name related_law religion
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
reservation resource ruins scuba_diving.divespot
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
settlement shelter_type short_name sinkhole
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
site_status sorting_name source source.date
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.heritage source.name source.name.eu source.name.oc
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.ref source.url source_ref sport
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
start_date subject.wikipedia surface survey.date
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
sym toilets.wheelchair tomb tourism
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
traffic_calming url verified water
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
waterway website wheelchair
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wheelchair.description width wikidata
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wikimedia_commons wikipedia wikipedia.fr LEVL_CODE
Length:8050 Length:8050 Length:8050 Min. :0
Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
NUTS_ID URBN_TYPE CNTR_CODE NAME_LATN
Length:8050 Min. :0 Length:8050 Length:8050
Class :character 1st Qu.:0 Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Median :0 Mode :character Mode :character
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
NUTS_NAME MOUNT_TYPE COAST_TYPE FID
Length:8050 Min. :0 Min. :0 Length:8050
Class :character 1st Qu.:0 1st Qu.:0 Class :character
Mode :character Median :0 Median :0 Mode :character
Mean :0 Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0 Max. :0
geometry
POINT :8050
epsg:4326 : 0
+proj=long...: 0
Descripción y Tratamiento
Los datos de las cuevas pueden contener geometrías duplicadas, especialmente cuando algunas cuevas son representadas tanto como puntos como polígonos. Para evitar duplicados, usamos bind_rows para combinar las diferentes capas de datos (puntos y polígonos).
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
El resultado de este paso es un conjunto de datos más completo, que ahora incluye todas las geometrías relevantes (polígonos y puntos) y elimina duplicados.
NA’s
Los datos de OSM pueden tener valores faltantes (NA) en algunos de los atributos, como el nombre de las cuevas. Para abordar esto, se asigna un valor predeterminado, como “Cueva Desconocida”, a aquellos registros donde el nombre esté vacío.
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
Al asignar un valor a los NA’s en los nombres de las cuevas, se asegura que no haya datos vacíos en el conjunto de datos.
Normalización de Atributos
Debido a la naturaleza abierta de OSM, los nombres de las cuevas pueden aparecer en diferentes formatos (por ejemplo, mayúsculas, minúsculas, con espacios adicionales, etc.). Para garantizar que todos los nombres estén en un formato uniforme y sin errores de formato, realizamos una normalización de los nombres.
# Normalización de atributoscueva_ed<-cueva_spain_na%>%mutate(# Eliminar espacios extra al principio y al final de los valores name =str_trim(name), # Convertir los nombres a formato título (mayúscula en la primera letra de cada palabra) name =str_to_title(name),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'natural' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente natural =ifelse(is.na(natural), "Cueva Desconocida", str_trim(str_to_title(natural))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'amenity' tenga un valor consistente amenity =ifelse(is.na(amenity), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(amenity))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'tourism' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente tourism =ifelse(is.na(tourism), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(tourism))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'description' tenga un valor consistente description =ifelse(is.na(description), "Descripción No Disponible", str_trim(description)),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'source' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente source =ifelse(is.na(source), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(source))),# Normalizamos el atributo 'wikidata', si existe wikidata =ifelse(is.na(wikidata), "No Disponible", str_trim(wikidata)))# Ver los resultados de la normalizaciónsummary(cueva_ed)
osm_id name access alt_name
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
amenity archaeological_site building denomination
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
description description.en description.es ele
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
fee geological height historic
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
historic.civilization historic.era historic.period layer
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
man_made name.ca name.en name.es
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
natural payment.cash religion source
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
tourism wikidata wikimedia_commons wikipedia
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
abandoned.man_made access.date_off access.date_on addr.city
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
addr.country addr.housenumber addr.place addr.postcode
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
addr.street alt_name1 alt_name.ca alt_name.en
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
alt_name.es alt_name.eu alt_name.oc alt_name_1
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
apparition b5m.id b5m.url b5m.urlOrto
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
barrier bic.criteria bic.inscription_date boat
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
boundary capacity cave cave.access
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.depth cave.difficulty cave.equipment cave.features
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.length cave.passage cave.ref cave.ref.ES.ADES
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
cave.size cave.through_trip cave_entrance.horizontal
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
charge check_date climbing climbing.bolted
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
climbing.grade.french.max climbing.grade.french.mean climbing.grade.french.min
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
climbing.orientation climbing.rock climbing.sport collapsed
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
contact.email contact.phone contact.website content
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
dance.style depth description.ca description.fr
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
description.he description.hu direction disused
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
email entrance fixme fold
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
geological.site hazard heritage heritage.operator
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
heritage.ref heritage.since heritage.website
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
heritage.website.arqueologia heritage.website.sipa historic.description.fr
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
historic.fr hole image importance
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
information inscription int_name landuse
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
leisure length loc_name loc_name.es
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
location locked mapillary mappinggroup
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
memorial.conflict memorial.conflict.wikidata mhs.inscription_date
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
motorcycle name.an name.ar name.arq
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.ast name.az name.be name.bg
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.bn name.cs name.cy name.da
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.de name.el name.eo name.et
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.eu name.fa name.fi name.fr
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.gl name.he name.hr name.hu
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.hy name.it name.ja name.ka
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.kk name.ko name.lb name.lv
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.mzn name.nl name.no name.oc
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.pl name.pt name.ro name.ru
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
name.uk name.ur note note1
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note2 note.ca note.en note_2
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note_3 official_name old_name opening_hours
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
operator payment.cards payment.contactless payment.credit_cards
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
payment.mastercard payment.visa petroglyph phone
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
pilgrimage pilgrimage.origin place profondeur
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
protection_title protection_title.category protection_title.es
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
protection_title.gl ref ref.DOCV ref.EUNIS
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.IGN ref.bic ref.cns ref.coord
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.dgpc ref.ipa ref.mhs ref.news
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.refuges.info ref.topografia reg_name related_law
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
reservation resource ruins scuba_diving.divespot
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
settlement shelter_type short_name sinkhole
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
site_status sorting_name source.date source.heritage
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.name source.name.eu source.name.oc source.ref
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.url source_ref sport start_date
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
subject.wikipedia surface survey.date sym
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
toilets.wheelchair tomb traffic_calming url
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
verified water waterway website
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wheelchair wheelchair.description width
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wikipedia.fr LEVL_CODE NUTS_ID URBN_TYPE
Length:8078 Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character 1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Median :0 Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0 Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0 Max. :0
CNTR_CODE NAME_LATN NUTS_NAME MOUNT_TYPE
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
COAST_TYPE FID LEVL_CODE.1 NUTS_ID.1 URBN_TYPE.1
Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0
1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Median :0 Mode :character Median :0 Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0 Mean :0 Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0 Max. :0 Max. :0
CNTR_CODE.1 NAME_LATN.1 NUTS_NAME.1 MOUNT_TYPE.1
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
COAST_TYPE.1 FID.1 geometry
Min. :0 Length:8078 POINT :8050
1st Qu.:0 Class :character POLYGON : 28
Median :0 Mode :character epsg:4326 : 0
Mean :0 +proj=long...: 0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
Este paso limpia y normaliza los nombres de los lagos, asegurando que todos estén en el formato adecuado y sin errores de formato.
# Guardar el archivo Shapefile después de renombrar las columnasst_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.shp", delete_layer =TRUE)# Guardar en formato GeoJSONst_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.geojson", delete_dsn =TRUE)
El/los fichero(s) generados con este procedimiento/técnica/metodología se puede(n) descargar de aquí.
Proyectos de Innovación Educativa Emergente PIEE-2737007 y PIEE-3325394