Este proyecto tiene como objetivo obtener, limpiar y optimizar un conjunto de datos espaciales sobre cuevas en España. Se utilizan fuentes abiertas, concretamente OpenStreetMap, para recopilar la información y se aplican técnicas de procesamiento geoespacial para garantizar que los datos sean precisos y útiles para análisis geográficos.
Input
Una vez se han cargado los paquetes correspondientes, se procede a obtener un conjunto de datos sobre las cuevas de España. Utilizando la plataforma OpenStreetMap (OSM), que proporciona datos geoespaciales de forma abierta, podemos obtener la información. Esta práctica también tiene en cuenta las irregularidades que puedan aparecer en los datos debido a la naturaleza colaborativa de OSM, donde la precisión y la consistencia de los datos pueden variar.
Primero se define el área de España utilizando mapSpain y se obtiene su bounding box para limitar la búsqueda.
Una vez seleccionada la zona de interés, se obtienen los datos correspondientes a las cuevas de España. Usamos OSM para obtener estos datos y nos aseguramos de que las geometrías sean válidas.
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natural payment:cash religion source
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geometry
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q2_test<-osmdata::opq(bbox =bbox_spain, timeout =1200)%>%osmdata::add_osm_feature("natural", "cave")%>%osmdata::osmdata_sf()# Esto también incluiría las cuevas en otros formatos
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addr.housenumber addr.place addr.postcode addr.street
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Descripción y Tratamiento
Los datos de las cuevas pueden contener geometrías duplicadas, especialmente cuando algunas cuevas son representadas tanto como puntos como polígonos. Para evitar duplicados, usamos bind_rows para combinar las diferentes capas de datos (puntos y polígonos).
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
El resultado de este paso es un conjunto de datos más completo, que ahora incluye todas las geometrías relevantes (polígonos y puntos) y elimina duplicados.
NA’s
Los datos de OSM pueden tener valores faltantes (NA) en algunos de los atributos, como el nombre de las cuevas. Para abordar esto, se asigna un valor predeterminado, como “Cueva Desconocida”, a aquellos registros donde el nombre esté vacío.
Warning: attribute variables are assumed to be spatially constant throughout
all geometries
Al asignar un valor a los NA’s en los nombres de las cuevas, se asegura que no haya datos vacíos en el conjunto de datos.
Normalización de Atributos
Debido a la naturaleza abierta de OSM, los nombres de las cuevas pueden aparecer en diferentes formatos (por ejemplo, mayúsculas, minúsculas, con espacios adicionales, etc.). Para garantizar que todos los nombres estén en un formato uniforme y sin errores de formato, realizamos una normalización de los nombres.
# Normalización de atributoscueva_ed<-cueva_spain_na%>%mutate(# Eliminar espacios extra al principio y al final de los valores name =str_trim(name), # Convertir los nombres a formato título (mayúscula en la primera letra de cada palabra) name =str_to_title(name),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'natural' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente natural =ifelse(is.na(natural), "Cueva Desconocida", str_trim(str_to_title(natural))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'amenity' tenga un valor consistente amenity =ifelse(is.na(amenity), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(amenity))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'tourism' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente tourism =ifelse(is.na(tourism), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(tourism))),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'description' tenga un valor consistente description =ifelse(is.na(description), "Descripción No Disponible", str_trim(description)),# Asegurarnos de que el atributo 'source' esté limpio y tenga un valor consistente source =ifelse(is.na(source), "Desconocido", str_trim(str_to_title(source))),# Normalizamos el atributo 'wikidata', si existe wikidata =ifelse(is.na(wikidata), "No Disponible", str_trim(wikidata)))# Ver los resultados de la normalizaciónsummary(cueva_ed)
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name.uk name.ur note note1
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note2 note.ca note.en note_2
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
note_3 official_name old_name opening_hours
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
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operator payment.cards payment.contactless payment.credit_cards
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
payment.mastercard payment.visa petroglyph phone
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
pilgrimage pilgrimage.origin place profondeur
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
protection_title protection_title.category protection_title.es
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
protection_title.gl ref ref.DOCV ref.EUNIS
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Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.IGN ref.bic ref.cns ref.coord
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.dgpc ref.ipa ref.mhs ref.news
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
ref.refuges.info ref.topografia reg_name related_law
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
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reservation resource ruins scuba_diving.divespot
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
settlement shelter_type short_name sinkhole
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
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site_status sorting_name source.date source.heritage
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.name source.name.eu source.name.oc source.ref
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
source.url source_ref sport start_date
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
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subject.wikipedia surface survey.date sym
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
toilets.wheelchair tomb traffic_calming url
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
verified water waterway website
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wheelchair wheelchair.description width
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078
Class :character Class :character Class :character
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character
wikipedia.fr LEVL_CODE NUTS_ID URBN_TYPE
Length:8078 Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character 1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Median :0 Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0 Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0 Max. :0
CNTR_CODE NAME_LATN NUTS_NAME MOUNT_TYPE
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
COAST_TYPE FID LEVL_CODE.1 NUTS_ID.1 URBN_TYPE.1
Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0 Length:8078 Min. :0
1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0 Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Median :0 Mode :character Median :0 Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0 Mean :0 Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0 3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0 Max. :0 Max. :0
CNTR_CODE.1 NAME_LATN.1 NUTS_NAME.1 MOUNT_TYPE.1
Length:8078 Length:8078 Length:8078 Min. :0
Class :character Class :character Class :character 1st Qu.:0
Mode :character Mode :character Mode :character Median :0
Mean :0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
COAST_TYPE.1 FID.1 geometry
Min. :0 Length:8078 POINT :8050
1st Qu.:0 Class :character POLYGON : 28
Median :0 Mode :character epsg:4326 : 0
Mean :0 +proj=long...: 0
3rd Qu.:0
Max. :0
Este paso limpia y normaliza los nombres de los lagos, asegurando que todos estén en el formato adecuado y sin errores de formato.
# Guardar el archivo Shapefile después de renombrar las columnasst_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.shp", delete_layer =TRUE)# Guardar en formato GeoJSONst_write(cueva_ed, "cuevas_espana_optimizado.geojson", delete_dsn =TRUE)
El/los fichero(s) generados con este procedimiento/técnica/metodología se puede(n) descargar de aquí.
Proyectos de Innovación Educativa Emergente PIEE-2737007 y PIEE-3325394
