James Dewey Watson was born in Chicago, Ill., on April 6th, 1928, as the only
son of James D. Watson, a businessman, and Jean Mitchell. His father's ancestors were
originally of English descent and had lived in the midwest for several generations. His
mother's father was a Scottish-born taylor married to a daughter of Irish immigrants who
arrived in the United States about 1840. Young Watson's entire boyhood was spent in
Chicago where he attended for eight years Horace Mann Grammar School and for two years
South Shore High School. He then received a tuition scholarship to the University of
Chicago, and in the summer of 1943 entered their experimental four-year college.
In 1947, he received a B.Sc. degree in Zoology. During these years his boyhood interest in
bird-watching had matured into a serious desire to learn genetics. This became possible
when he received a Fellowship for graduate study in Zoology at Indiana University in
Bloomington, where he received his Ph.D. degree in Zoology in 1950. At Indiana, he was
deeply influenced both by the geneticists H. J. Muller and T. M. Sonneborn, and by S. E.
Luria, the Italian-born microbiologist then on the staff of Indiana's Bacteriology
Department. Watson's Ph.D. thesis, done under Luria's able guidance, was a study of the
effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication.
From September 1950 to September 1951 he spent his first postdoctoral year in Copenhagen
as a Merck Fellow of the National Research Council. Part of the year was spent with the
biochemist Herman Kalckar, the remainder with the microbiologist Ole Maaløe. Again he
worked with bacterial viruses, attempting to study the fate of DNA of infecting virus
particles. During the spring of 1951, he went with Kalckar to the Zoological Station at
Naples. There at a Symposium, late in May, he met Maurice Wilkins and saw for the first
time the X-ray diffraction pattern of crystalline DNA. This greatly stimulated him to
change the direction of his research toward the structural chemistry of nucleic acids end
proteins. Fortunately this proved possible when Luria, in early August 1951, arranged with
John Kendrew for him to work at the Cavendish Laboratory, where he started work in early
October 1952.
He soon met Crick and discovered their common interest in solving the DNA structure. They
thought it should be possible to correctly guess its structure, given both the
experimental evidence at King's College plus careful examination of the possible
stereochemical configurations of polynucleotide chains. Their first serious effort, in the
late fall of 1951, was unsatisfactory. Their second effort based upon more experimental
evidence and better appreciation of the nucleic acid literature, resulted, early in March
1953, in the proposal of the complementary double-helical configuration.
At the same time, he was experimentally investigating the structure of TMV, using X-ray
diffraction techniques. His object was to see if its chemical sub-units, earlier revealed
by the elegant experiments of Schramm, were helically arranged. This objective was
achieved in fate June 1952, when use of the Cavendish's newly constructed rotating anode
X-ray tubes allowed an unambiguous demonstration of the helical construction of the virus.
From 1953 to 1955, Watson was at the California Institute of Technology as Senior Research
Fellow in Biology. There he collaborated with Alexander Rich in X-ray diffraction studies
of RNA. In 1955-1956 he was back in the Cavendish, again working with Crick. During this
visit they published several papers on the general principles of virus construction.
Since the fall of 1956, he has been a member of the Harvard Biology Department, first as
Assistant Professor, then in 1958 as an Associate Professor, and as Professor since 1961.
During this interval, his major research interest has been the role of RNA in protein
synthesis. Among his collaborators during this period were the Swiss biochemist Alfred
Tissières and the French biochemist François Gros. Much experimental evidence supporting
the messenger RNA concept was accumulated. His present principal collaborator is the
theoretical physicist Walter Gilbert who, as Watson expressed it, «has recently learned
the excitement of experimental molecular biology».
The honours that have to come to Watson include: the John Collins Warren Prize of the
Massachusetts General Hospital, with Crick in 1959; the Eli Lilly Award in Biochemistry in
the same year; the Lasker Award, with Crick and Wilkins in 1960; the Research Corporation
Prize, with Crick in 1962; membership of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the
National Academy of Sciences, and Foreign membership of the Danish Academy of Arts and
Sciences. He is also a consultant to the President's Scientific Advisory Committee.
Watson is unmarried. His recreations are bird-watching and walking.
Copyright © 1999 The Nobel Foundation
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