Neuroscience deals with the study of the Nervous System, composed of the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and the Peripheral Nervous System. The objective of Neuroscience is to understand the functioning of the Nervous System, from the molecular and cellular level (including the study of neurons and glial cells) to the behavioural level, and from the maintenance of basic survival functions to cognition.

Within the field of Biomedicine, Neuroscience occupies a relevant place, as shown, for example, by the research challenge posed by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases, which are increasingly prevalent due to the aging of the population, neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia or depression, or neurodevelopmental diseases. Taken as a whole, it is estimated that one in four people will suffer, throughout their lives, from a disease that affects the Nervous System.

On the human side, a person with a doctorate in Neuroscience can fill research and/or teaching positions in Research Centers or Universities. In this sense, most of the Research Centers in the city of Valencia maintain research groups in Neurosciences and participate in this doctoral proposal.