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The human cost of fast deliveries: A systematic literature review of occupational risks and safety outcomes in last-mile delivery workers
Sergio A. Useche; Sergio Traficante; Francisco J. Llamazares; Cristina Marín
(2025). ArticleJournal of Transport & Health. No.Vol. 44, p. 102133
Abstract The rapid growth of the gig economy has transformed urban labor markets in the digitalization era, particularly in the last-mile delivery industry. Despite its expansion, the working conditions and occupational risks faced by ‘last-mile workers’ remain underexplored, with limited systematic evidence on their psychosocial, health, and safety challenges. Aim This study aims to systematically review empirical evidence on the occupational risks, psychosocial outcomes, and safety of last-mile delivery workers, focusing on how working conditions, delivery modalities, and road safety issues shape their health and well-being. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed,...
Abstract The rapid growth of the gig economy has transformed urban labor markets in the digitalization era, particularly in the last-mile delivery industry. Despite its expansion, the working conditions and occupational risks faced by ‘last-mile workers’ remain underexplored, with limited systematic evidence on their psychosocial, health, and safety challenges. Aim This study aims to systematically review empirical evidence on the occupational risks, psychosocial outcomes, and safety of last-mile delivery workers, focusing on how working conditions, delivery modalities, and road safety issues shape their health and well-being. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published until 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. The included studies were evaluated for methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and the CASP checklist for qualitative research. Results A total of 32 studies, covering a total of 38,682 last-mile workers, were included. Poor working conditions (e.g., economic insecurity, algorithmic control, time pressure) were consistently associated with negative psychosocial outcomes, including stress, fatigue, burnout, and reduced mental well-being. Motorized two-wheelers were found to have higher crash and injury risks than bicycles or light vehicles, primarily due to higher speeds and greater traffic exposure. Psychosocial stressors related to algorithmic management and piece-rate pay significantly influenced safety and health-related behaviors, linking high stress and workload to riskier riding/driving practices. Conclusion These findings highlight the need for multidimensional interventions targeting both the physical and psychosocial risks faced by last-mile workers, including safer work environments, occupational health initiatives, support for mental well-being, and more sustainable work practices.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2025.102133 -
16th (Inter)National Congress on Legal and Forensic Psychology, Barcelona
Macarena Tortosa, Mireia Faus, Francisco Alonso, Bosco Martí, Sergio Useche, Luis Montoro, Cesáreo Fernández, Cristina Esteban
(2025). Participació en congressos"On 25 October 2025, the 16th (Inter)National Congress on Legal and Forensic Psychology was held in Barcelona, in which INTRAS had a prominent role. Dr Francisco Alonso presented the paper ""The importance of retrospective research in determining legal measures"". In addition, INTRAS coordinated Symposium 18, ""Some legal dimensions of traffic and safety psychology"", with the following papers: ""Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions with traffic offenders and delinquents"", by Macarena Tortosa, Mireia Faus, Francisco Alonso and Bosco Martí. ""'Non-conventional' risks to road safety in last-mile delivery"", by Sergio A. Useche, Francisco J. Llamazares and Cristina...
"On 25 October 2025, the 16th (Inter)National Congress on Legal and Forensic Psychology was held in Barcelona, in which INTRAS had a prominent role. Dr Francisco Alonso presented the paper ""The importance of retrospective research in determining legal measures"". In addition, INTRAS coordinated Symposium 18, ""Some legal dimensions of traffic and safety psychology"", with the following papers: ""Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions with traffic offenders and delinquents"", by Macarena Tortosa, Mireia Faus, Francisco Alonso and Bosco Martí. ""'Non-conventional' risks to road safety in last-mile delivery"", by Sergio A. Useche, Francisco J. Llamazares and Cristina Marin. ""Blood alcohol and road crashes. Evidence for lowering the legal limit to 0.2 g/l"", by Ignacio Lijarcio, Sergio A. Useche and Luis Montoro. ""Transformation of the communication strategy in Spanish road safety campaigns"", by Mireia Faus, Cesáreo Fernández and Francisco Alonso. ""Data space in mobility and road safety: legal and governance challenges"", by Francisco Alonso, Cristina Esteban and Mireia Faus."
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Linking Parent's Work-Family Interface to Children's Mental Health Difficulties: A Mediated Path through Parental Psychopathology and Family Role Performance.
Boris E Cendales, Mario H Gonzalez, Sergio A Useche, Pedro N Valbuena, Yamile A Montenegro, Luis Montoro
(2025). ArticleSAGE Open. No.Vol. 15, Núm. 4
This study investigated whether the work-family interface (WFI) affects children's mental health difficulties through parental family role performance and psychopathology, using a sample of 444 biological parents of children aged 4-17. SEM-based path analyses suggest that parents' psychological strain and family role performance are total mediators linking the work-family interface with children's mental health difficulties. The findings support the design of organizational and family interventions focused on balancing work and home roles, whose benefits can be transmitted from working parents to their children through improvements in the family environment.
DOI: 10.1177/21582440251380937 -
What factors could enhance post-crash anxiety and depression outcomes? A SEM-based retrospective study
Navid Nadimi, Fariborz Mansourifar, Abbas Sheykhfard, Sergio A Useche
(2025). ArticleTransportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. No.Vol. 114, p.741-757
Traffic crashes are a leading cause of non-natural deaths and significant economic and healthcare burdens. Mental health issues and decreased life quality have been consistently linked to traffic crashes among surviving. Several studies reveal that anxiety and depression symptoms are common among these individuals. However, the specific individual factors modulating the development of these post-crash psychosocial outcomes, as well as their relative contributions, have been scarcely addressed in the literature. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to examine different factors’ effects on two key negative self-reported psychological outcomes (namely, anxiety and depression)...
Traffic crashes are a leading cause of non-natural deaths and significant economic and healthcare burdens. Mental health issues and decreased life quality have been consistently linked to traffic crashes among surviving. Several studies reveal that anxiety and depression symptoms are common among these individuals. However, the specific individual factors modulating the development of these post-crash psychosocial outcomes, as well as their relative contributions, have been scarcely addressed in the literature. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to examine different factors’ effects on two key negative self-reported psychological outcomes (namely, anxiety and depression) following road crashes. The survey was conducted on 239 individuals who experienced substantial financial loss or non-fatal physical injuries after a crash. Among the full set of study variables comprised in the path model, crash severity has a positive and significant effect on post-crash anxiety severity scores. As for antecedent anxiety and depression values, these were significantly influenced by retrospectively-reported physical conditions and both pre-crash anxiety and depression scores. Moreover, both pre-crash depression scores and post-crash anxiety indexes stand out as significant predictors of post-crash depression indexes. This study suggests that traffic crashes have a significant effect on self-reported anxiety and depression-related outcomes. At a practical level, these outcomes underscore the need for increasing attention paid to post-crash mental health outcomes, given their considerably greater prevalence among crash survivors, as well as their possible comorbidity with further impairing behaviors or life quality impairments. Per això, l'objectiu principal d'este estudi va ser analitzar l'efecte de diferents factors sobre dos dels principals resultats psicològics negatius autoinformats després d'un sinistre viari: l'ansietat i la depressió.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.06.027 -
The Presence of Humor in Traffic and Road Safety Advertising: Prevalence and Perceived Effectivenes
Mireia Faus; Cesáreo Fernández; Francisco Alonso; Cristina Esteban
(2025). ArticleVivat Academia. No.Núm. 158
Introduction: Humor is a communication strategy commonly used in commercial advertising, as well as in social and public health campaigns, due to its ability to capture attention and establish an emotional connection with the audience. In Spain, traffic and road safety campaigns have occasionally incorporated humor into their advertisements. Methodology: This study analyzes the campaigns broadcast by the Spanish Directorate-General for Traffic (DGT) since 1960 to determine the prevalence of humor in their television advertisements. It also uses a questionnaire administered to 403 participants to examine campaign recall and perceived effectiveness. Results: Only 13 campaigns met the...
Introduction: Humor is a communication strategy commonly used in commercial advertising, as well as in social and public health campaigns, due to its ability to capture attention and establish an emotional connection with the audience. In Spain, traffic and road safety campaigns have occasionally incorporated humor into their advertisements. Methodology: This study analyzes the campaigns broadcast by the Spanish Directorate-General for Traffic (DGT) since 1960 to determine the prevalence of humor in their television advertisements. It also uses a questionnaire administered to 403 participants to examine campaign recall and perceived effectiveness. Results: Only 13 campaigns met the inclusion criteria (11.1% of the total). Participants perceived humor as a less effective communication strategy than approaches based on emotional impact and realism, and they demonstrated low recall of campaigns using this type of message. Discussion: The limited recall may be associated with the use of metaphors, irony, or exaggeration conveyed through a light-hearted tone that failed to resonate with the audience. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for systematic evaluation of road safety campaigns to assess the effectiveness of the communication strategies employed.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.15178/va.2025.158.e1628 -
Gender Roles in Sustainable Mobility: Exploring E-Scooter Adoption Intentions in a Developing Country through an integrated TPB-UTAUT Framework.
Abbas Sheykhfard, Nima Dadashzadeh, Fengxiang Qiao, Mehdi Azimi, Sergio A Useche
(2025). ArticleSustainable Futures. No.Vol. 9, p. 100671
While the knowledge on demographic determinants such as age and income on micro-mobility adoption trends has been growing in the last few years, there are still literature gap in regard to the role of gender. Therefore, this study aims to examine a set of determinants potentially influencing the behavioral intention to adopt electric scooter (e-scooter) sharing systems among current non-users emphasizing on gender differences. For this purpose, we conducted an e-survey, with 449 complete responses from Babol’s residents in Iran. Once the data was gathered, an integrated theoretical framework was developed by synthesizing constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Unified...
While the knowledge on demographic determinants such as age and income on micro-mobility adoption trends has been growing in the last few years, there are still literature gap in regard to the role of gender. Therefore, this study aims to examine a set of determinants potentially influencing the behavioral intention to adopt electric scooter (e-scooter) sharing systems among current non-users emphasizing on gender differences. For this purpose, we conducted an e-survey, with 449 complete responses from Babol’s residents in Iran. Once the data was gathered, an integrated theoretical framework was developed by synthesizing constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results show that perceived behavioral control, subjective norms (pertaining to peers and media influences), perceived value, and environmental concerns have a positive influence on the self-reported intention to engaging in e-scooter usage. Conversely, perceived risk had a significant and negative influence on intention, that was consistent across genders. Notably, the sharing tendency did not emerge as a significant predictor of the intention to use e-scooters. These insights inform strategies to promote this eco-friendly transportation mode, enhancing social inclusion by tailoring interventions to diverse gender-specific needs, a pivotal contribution of this work. Moreover, it provides critical insights into determinants of e-scooter sharing adoption, advancing social inclusion by informing gender-tailored strategies to promote this sustainable mode, a key contribution that supports effective, inclusive interventions for diverse user segments.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.1016/j.sftr.2025.100671 -
The Rise of the 'Technological Motorcyclist': Exploring the Predictors of Digital Distractions in Motorcycle Commuting
Sergio A. Useche; Ignacio Lijarcio; Luis Montoro
(2025). ArticleRevista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud. No.Vol. 16, Núm. 2, pp. 44-60
Background/aim: The increasing integration of digital technology into daily life has introduced new challenges for road safety, particularly for motorcycle commuters. This study examines individual, road safety-related, and psychosocial work factors as predictors of technology-induced distractions among motorcyclists. Method: Using a sample of 736 Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) commuters, gender-specific pathways of digital distractions were analyzed through SEM and Multi-Group SEM. Results: Younger riders, those with higher sensation-seeking tendencies, and those involved in other risk-related behaviors report higher distraction; job strain was a strong predictor while better work-life balance...
Background/aim: The increasing integration of digital technology into daily life has introduced new challenges for road safety, particularly for motorcycle commuters. This study examines individual, road safety-related, and psychosocial work factors as predictors of technology-induced distractions among motorcyclists. Method: Using a sample of 736 Powered Two-Wheeler (PTW) commuters, gender-specific pathways of digital distractions were analyzed through SEM and Multi-Group SEM. Results: Younger riders, those with higher sensation-seeking tendencies, and those involved in other risk-related behaviors report higher distraction; job strain was a strong predictor while better work-life balance was a mitigating factor. Sensation seeking and risk perception mattered more among males, whereas commuting trip length was a stronger predictor for female riders. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive interventions to reduce technological distractions.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.70478/rips.2025.16.06 -
Parenting 'on the move'? Active school commuting is linked to parents' well-being and children's academic performance
Elisa Alfaro, Eliseo Valle, Raquel Valle-Escolano, Sergio A Useche
(2025). ArticleWellbeing, Space and Society. No.Vol. 8, p. 100271
Introduction In recent years, growing attention has been given to the creation of ‘active environments’ across key aspects of everyday life. Two particularly relevant settings in this regard are school and transport. Therefore, examining school commuting through active or slow mobility modes may offer valuable insights into how these travel patterns may relate to specific indicators of parents’ well-being and their children’s academic performance. Aim This cross-sectional study compared a set of literature-supported variables related to parents’ health and well-being, and children’s academic performance –namely, body mass index, life satisfaction, travel satisfaction, commuting stress,...
Introduction In recent years, growing attention has been given to the creation of ‘active environments’ across key aspects of everyday life. Two particularly relevant settings in this regard are school and transport. Therefore, examining school commuting through active or slow mobility modes may offer valuable insights into how these travel patterns may relate to specific indicators of parents’ well-being and their children’s academic performance. Aim This cross-sectional study compared a set of literature-supported variables related to parents’ health and well-being, and children’s academic performance –namely, body mass index, life satisfaction, travel satisfaction, commuting stress, and children’s average academic score– using data from Spanish school-commuting parents categorized by the type of transport they use: active (walking or cycling), private motorized, or public transport. Method For this purpose, the study utilized information provided by a sample of 542 Spanish parents or guardians (mean age = 37.7; 59 % women) who regularly take their children to and from school. They completed an electronic questionnaire assessing the five outcome variables mentioned above. Results There were found key differences across the three commuting groups, particularly regarding commuting stress, travel satisfaction, and subjective well-being. Significant differences were observed across the three commuting groups, particularly in commuting stress, travel satisfaction, life satisfaction, and body mass index, as well as children’s academic performance. Active commuting modes were consistently associated with more favorable outcomes across these indicators. Conclusion These findings underline the relevance of promoting active mobility as a potentially advantageous school commuting option for families. While the results do not imply causal effects, they highlight patterns that may warrant further investigation. Longitudinal and experimental studies are recommended to better understand the mechanisms underlying these associations and their practical implications for educational and transport policy.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.1016/j.wss.2025.100271 -
Italian Adaptation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire: Factorial Validity with the ESEM Technique and Population-Based Cut-Off Scores
Sergio Traficante, Luigi Tinella, Antonella Lopez, Sergio A Useche, Sjaan Koppel, Giuseppina Spano, Elisabetta Ricciardi, Rosa Napoletano, Andrea Bosco, Alessandro O Caffò
(2025). ArticleEuropean Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education. No.Vol. 15, Núm. 8, art. 166
Nomophobia is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by fear and anxiety when individuals feel disconnected from their technological environment. This study contributes to the Italian validation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), testing a four-factor structure and establishing normative data by age and gender from 1447 participants. A bifactor ESEM with a four-factor solution showed the best fit (CFI=0.95; TLI=0.94; RMSEA=0.06); scores were computed by percentile, with the 80th and 95th percentiles indicating risk and presence of nomophobia. Females scored highest across age groups, while older adults reported the lowest levels. The findings support the NMP-Q's reliability and use...
Nomophobia is a multifaceted phenomenon characterized by fear and anxiety when individuals feel disconnected from their technological environment. This study contributes to the Italian validation of the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), testing a four-factor structure and establishing normative data by age and gender from 1447 participants. A bifactor ESEM with a four-factor solution showed the best fit (CFI=0.95; TLI=0.94; RMSEA=0.06); scores were computed by percentile, with the 80th and 95th percentiles indicating risk and presence of nomophobia. Females scored highest across age groups, while older adults reported the lowest levels. The findings support the NMP-Q's reliability and use in the Italian context.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe15080166 -
Sensation seeking and crashes among young cyclists
Sergio A Useche, Rodrigo Mora, Francisco Alonso, Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
(2025). ArticleAccident Analysis & Prevention. No.Vol. 214, art. 107970
While young cyclists remain overrepresented in cycling crash figures, effective actions to mitigate their risks remain understudied and underapplied, especially in regions with low cycling tradition and weak or fragmented governance, as is the case in most Hispanic countries. One key emerging issue is the potential influence of personality traits such as sensation seeking (SS) on young cyclists’ behavior and safety outcomes. This study aimed to assess the relationships among SS, cycling behavior, and safety-related outcomes among a sample of young cyclists. Data were collected from 945 cyclists aged 18–25 from five Hispanic countries, who responded to an electronic survey on personality...
While young cyclists remain overrepresented in cycling crash figures, effective actions to mitigate their risks remain understudied and underapplied, especially in regions with low cycling tradition and weak or fragmented governance, as is the case in most Hispanic countries. One key emerging issue is the potential influence of personality traits such as sensation seeking (SS) on young cyclists’ behavior and safety outcomes. This study aimed to assess the relationships among SS, cycling behavior, and safety-related outcomes among a sample of young cyclists. Data were collected from 945 cyclists aged 18–25 from five Hispanic countries, who responded to an electronic survey on personality traits and cycling-related topics. Significant associations were found between sensation seeking and risk-related cycling behaviors, as well as gender differences in SS, risky cycling behavior, and self-reported cycling crash rates, with males exhibiting higher values in all categories. Path analyses suggest that SS predicts self-reported crashes through the full mediation of both deliberate (traffic violations) and unintentional (errors) risky road behaviors, with the former having a greater explanatory effect on young cyclists’ self-reported crash figures. The findings of this study highlight the need to address under-researched issues such as sensation seeking (SS) and risk-taking behavior through evidence-based interventions aimed at improving the safety of young cyclists. This is particularly relevant in countries with similar demographic characteristics and further nascent cycling cultures.
Read more Hide DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2025.107970
