Genetic programming is a methodology inspired by biological evolution and natural selection to automatically develop programs or algorithms that perform, by computation, a user-defined task. This is not the first time these techniques have been used to analyse hydrological changes. A study by researcher Carolina Doña –who also signs this article– developed GP algorithms, which significantly improved the techniques used so far to study fluctuating systems, such as Mediterranean wetlands. In Doña’s research, published in 2016, images of Landsat satellites were analysed and, using GP techniques, the algorithms that best fit different types of Mediterranean wetlands were selected.

Now, the recent study has validated the GP algorithm and analysed all the main types of wetlands in the Mediterranean basin of the Iberian Peninsula, although these techniques also serve to analyse all the Mediterranean regions of the world. “This alternative methodology greatly improves water forecasts and reconstructions, so that errors are greatly reduced”," explains Antonio Camacho, Professor of Ecology at the University of Valencia and one of the researchers in the article. In this way, the possibilities of using remote sensing methods to establish the water coverage and water pattern of Mediterranean aquatic systems, fundamental ecological characteristics for these types of ecosystems, would be greatly improved.

In addition, the research has been validated with the new generation of European satellites, specifically with the images of Sentinel-2A and 2B satellites, thus improving the temporal and spatial resolution. As Camacho comments, equivalences have been made between the algorithms, now developed by Sentinel, to see in which systems the algorithm has been better adapted and in which not. “For some it is not adequate and that is why it is necessary to continue working, but in any case they always improve a lot the methodologies that existed until now”, explains the professor.

Wetlands as climate allies

The analysis of wetlands as carbon sinks and reducers in the amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is vital in mitigating climate change. Since the new methodology validated in the recent article measures water cover and its temporal evolution, it can assess the availability of water resources and reveal the natural functioning of aquatic ecosystems and relate them to their climate mitigation capacity.

“The study of wetlands and their effects on climate change are largely determined by the hydrological pattern, so the validation of the GP algorithm covers part of the methodological needs to reveal the role of the zones. wetlands to combat climate emergency”, explains Camacho, who leads research on the LIFE Wetlands4Climate and CLIMAWET-CONS projects to help achieve climate neutrality in 2050 using nature-based solutions.

Article: Doña, C.; Morant, D.; Picazo, A.; Rochera, C.; Sánchez, J.M.; Camacho, A. «Estimation of Water Coverage in Permanent and Temporary Shallow Lakes and Wetlands by Combining Remote Sensing Techniques and Genetic Programming. Application to the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula». Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13040652